Isalamane Somntu Esingasekho Sangcwaba Abafileyo Babo I-100,000 Leminyaka Ngaphambi Kokuba Abantu Banamhlanje Benze, Amabango Ofundo

Isalamane somntu esingasekhoyo Homo naledi, obuchopho babo babukwisinye esithathwini sobukhulu bethu, bangcwatywa abafileyo babo kwaye bakrola iindonga zomqolomba malunga neminyaka engama-300,000 eyadlulayo, ngokutsho kophando olutsha olubhukuqa iithiyori esele zikho ukuba ngabantu bale mihla kuphela nabazala bethu baseNeanderthal abanokwenza le misebenzi inzima.

Esebenzisa iskeni samathambo, igcisa lepaleo uJohn Gurche uchithe malunga neeyure ezingama-700 esenza ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kwentloko kaHomo naledi. — Esebenzisa iskeni samathambo, ingcali yembali uJohn Gurche uchithe malunga neeyure ezingama-700 esenza ulwakhiwo ngokutsha *Homo naledi's* intloko. © Mark Thiessen, National Geographic | Ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iingcali zithi ubungqina abanelanga ukugqiba Homo naledi bangcwatywe okanye bakhumbule abafileyo babo.

Abembi bezinto zakudala baqala bafumanisa iintsalela ze Homo naledi kwinkqubo yeRising Star Cave yaseMzantsi Afrika ngo-2013. Ukususela ngoko, ngaphezu kwe-1,500 amaqhekeza amathambo asuka kubantu abaninzi afunyenwe kuyo yonke le nkqubo yeekhilomitha ezi-2.5 ubude.

I-anatomy ye Homo naledi yaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yokulondolozwa okumangalisayo kweentsalela zabo; yayizizidalwa ezine-bipedal ezazimi malunga neenyawo ezi-5 (i-1.5 yeemitha) ubude kwaye zinobunzima obuziikhilogram eziyi-100 (iikhilogram ezingama-45), kwaye zinezandla ezibukhali kunye nobuchopho obuncinci kodwa obuntsokothileyo, iimpawu eziye zakhokelela kwingxoxo malunga nobunzima bokuziphatha kwabo. Kuphononongo luka-2017 olupapashwe kwijenali eLife, Iqela elinyukayo leNkwenkwezi licebise ukuba Homo naledi babengcwabe abafileyo babo emqolombeni.

Isicwangciso seempawu ezimbini zokungcwaba ezifunyenwe kwiGumbi leDinaledi kuMqolomba weNkwenkwezi eRising. (A) Isikhundla sokungcwaba ngokubhekiselele kwi-2013-2016 yokucubungula ichazwe ngendawo yesikwere. (B) Lo ngumfanekiso wezona mpawu ziphambili zokungcwaba. Uphawu 1 ngumzimba womzekelo wabantu abadala weHomo naledi. Uphawu 2 lubonisa ubuncinane umzimba omnye wolutsha kumda wendawo yokungcwaba. (C) no-(D) yimifanekiso ebonisa indlela awayebekwe ngayo amathambo ngaphakathi kwamangcwaba. — Isicwangciso seempawu ezimbini zokungcwaba ezifunyenwe kwiGumbi leDinaledi kuMqolomba weNkwenkwezi eRising. (A) Isikhundla sokungcwaba ngokubhekiselele kwi-2013-2016 yokucubungula ichazwe ngendawo yesikwere. (B) Lo ngumfanekiso wezona mpawu ziphambili zokungcwaba. Uphawu loku-1 ngumzimba we-a *Homo naledi* isampuli yabantu abadala. Uphawu 2 lubonisa ubuncinane umzimba omnye wolutsha kumda wendawo yokungcwaba. (C) no-(D) yimifanekiso ebonisa indlela awayebekwe ngayo amathambo ngaphakathi kwamangcwaba. © Imifanekiso evela eBerger et al., 2023 / National Geographic | Ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.

Kulo nyaka kwinkomfa yeendaba ngoJuni 1, i-paleoanthropologist Lee Berger, inkqubo yokunyuka kweNkwenkwezi ekhokelayo, kunye noogxa bakhe abafaka ibango ngezifundo ezithathu ezitsha, ezipapashwe ngoMvulo (Juni 5) kwi-server yangaphambili ye-bioRxiv, ukuba kunye babeke obona bungqina bubambekayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Homo naledi bangcwatywe ngabom abafileyo babo kwaye udale imizobo enentsingiselo elityeni elingaphezu kwemingcwabo. Okufunyenweyo akukaphononongwa ngoontanga.

Uphando olutsha luchaza imingxuma emibini enganzulwanga, emile okweqanda kumgangatho wegumbi elinye lomqolomba elineentsalela zeskeletal ezihambelana nokungcwatywa kwemizimba yenyama eyayigqunywe yintlenga yaza ke yabola. Omnye wemingcwabo usenokuba wawuquka nomnikelo wengcwaba: ilitye elinye lafunyanwa lisondelelene nesandla kunye namathambo esihlahla.

UBerger uthe kwinkomfa yabezindaba ukuba "sivakalelwa kukuba balufumene uvavanyo lwe-litmus lokungcwatywa kwabantu okanye ukungcwatywa kwabantu bakudala." Ukuba iyamkelwa, ukutolika kwabaphandi kuya kububuyisela umva ubungqina bokuqala bokungcwatywa okunenjongo ngeminyaka eyi-100,000, ingxelo eyayibanjwe Homo sapiens.

Ukungcwatywa komntwana ofikisayo kunye nesixhobo samatye esinokubakho safunyanwa ngaphakathi kwe-Hill Antechamber. Imifanekiso A kunye no-B yi-cross section ye-CT scans ye-plaster jacketed feature ekhutshwe kwigumbi. I-CF yi-3D yokwakhiwa ngokutsha kwedijithali kwamathambo ekungcwatyweni, kunye nelitye elimilise isixhobo (i-orenji) kufutshane nesandla somntwana oneminyaka eyi-13 ubudala. © Imifanekiso evela eBerger et al., 2023 / National Geographic | Ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukufunyanwa kwe imikrolo engabonakaliyo kwiindonga zamatye yenkqubo yomqolomba weNkwenkwezi ephumayo ikwabonisa ukuba Homo naledi babenesimilo esintsonkothileyo, abaphandi bacebisa kwenye i-preprint entsha. Le migca, iimilo, kunye nezibalo ezifana ne "hashtag" zibonakala ngathi zenziwe kwiindawo ezilungiselelwe ngokukodwa ezenziwe Homo naledi, owasantiya ilitye ngaphambi kokuba akrole ngesixhobo selitye. Ubunzulu bomgca, ukwakheka kunye nolandelelwano lucebisa ukuba zenziwe ngenjongo kunokuba zenziwe ngokwemvelo.

"Kukho imingcwabo yolu hlobo ngqo ngaphantsi kwale mikrolo," utshilo uBerger, ebonisa ukuba le yayiyi Homo naledi indawo yenkcubeko. "Bayitshintshe kakhulu le ndawo kwiikhilomitha zeenkqubo zomqolomba ongaphantsi komhlaba."

Imizobo yafunyanwa kwigumbi lokungcwaba le-Hill Antechamber, elifana nomnqamlezo ojonge phantsi. Kukho kwakhona izinto ezisetyenziselwa phezu komhlaba ukugqamisa imifanekiso engeyiyo yejometri ekukhanyeni okuphantsi, nangona oku akukahlalutywa. © National Geographic | Ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.

Kolunye ushicilelo lwangaphambili, u-Agustín Fuentes, isazi ngendalo kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton, kunye noogxa bakhe baphonononga ngoba Homo naledi wasebenzisa inkqubo yomqolomba. “Ukubekwa ekwabelwana ngako nokucetywayo kwemizimba eliqela kwinkqubo yeNkwenkwezi” kwakunye nemikrolo kububungqina bokuba aba bantu babeneenkolelo okanye iingcamango ezifanayo ngokufa yaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba baye bakhumbula abafi, “into ubani anokuyibiza ngokuba ‘yintlungu ekwabelwana ngayo. ' ebantwini bale mihla,” babhala njalo. Noko ke, abanye abaphandi abaqinisekanga ngokupheleleyo zezi nguqulelo zintsha.

“Abantu basenokuba benza amakhalane ematyeni. Akwanelanga ukuba negalelo kule ncoko malunga nokucinga okungabonakaliyo, ”utshilo uAthreya. Kukho nemibuzo malunga nokuba njani Homo naledi wangena kwinkqubo yoMqolomba oyiRising Star; Ingcinga yokuba kwakunzima isekela uninzi lweenkcazo zabaphandi zokuziphatha okunentsingiselo.

UMSEBENZI WOKUBHALA