U-Erik the Red, okwabizwa ngokuba ngu-Erik Thorvaldsson, wayengumkhenkethi waseNorse waseNorse owadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufumaneni nasekuzinziseni iGreenland. Umoya wakhe wokuzama, kunye nokuzimisela kwakhe okungagungqiyo, wamkhokelela ekuphononongeni iindawo ezingaziwayo kwaye aseke uluntu oluphumelelayo kumhlaba onzima weNordic. Kweli nqaku, siza kufunda ibali elimangalisayo lomhloli weViking u-Erik the Red, esikhanyisela ngobomi bakhe eselula, umtshato kunye nosapho, elubhacweni, kunye nokuphela kwakhe ngesiquphe.
Ubomi bokuqala buka-Eric the Red – ngunyana ogxothiweyo
U-Erik Thorvaldsson wazalwa ngo-950 CE eRogaland, eNorway. Wayengunyana kaTorvald Asvaldson, indoda eyayiza kuthi kamva ibe negama elibi ngokubandakanyeka kwayo ekubulaleni umntu. Njengendlela yokusombulula ungquzulwano, uTorvald wagxothwa eNorway, waza waqalisa uhambo lobuqhophololo olusinge ngasentshona nosapho lwakhe, kuquka noErik oselula. Ekugqibeleni bazinza eHornstrandir, ummandla omagqagala kumntla-ntshona weIceland, apho uTorvald wadibana khona nokufa kwakhe ngaphambi kokuqalisa kwewaka leminyaka.
Umtshato kunye nosapho - ukusekwa kwe-Eiriksstaðir
U-Erik the Red watshata no-Þjodhild Jorundsdottir baza kunye bakha ifama ebizwa ngokuba yi-Eiriksstaðir eHaukadalr (Hawksdale). U-Þjodhild, intombi ka-Jorundur Ulfsson kunye no-Þorbjorg Gilsdottir, badlale indima ebalulekileyo kubomi buka-Erik. Ngokwesithethe sase-Icelandic, esi sibini sasinabantwana abane: intombi egama linguFreydis noonyana abathathu - umhloli wamazwe owaziwayo uLeif Erikson, uThorvald kunye noThorstein.
Ngokungafaniyo nonyana wakhe uLeif nomfazi kaLeif, owathi ekugqibeleni wamkela ubuKristu, uErik wahlala engumlandeli ozinikeleyo wobuhedeni baseNorse. Oku kwahluka konqulo kwada kwabangela ungquzulwano emtshatweni wabo, xa umfazi kaErik wabuthabatha ngokunyanisekileyo ubuKristu, wada wayalela necawa yokuqala yaseGreenland. U-Erik wayengayithandi kakhulu loo nto kwaye wanamathela kwizithixo zakhe zaseNorse-eyathi, i-sagas ibalisa, yakhokelela u-Þjódhild ukuba ayeke ukuba neentlobano zesini nomyeni wakhe.
Ukugxothwa - uthotho lweengxabano
Elandela emanyathelweni kayise, u-Erik wazifumana sele egxothiwe. Ukujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo kwenzeka xa amakhoboka akhe abangela ukudilika komhlaba kwifama engummelwane ka-Eyjolf the Foul, umhlobo kaValthjof, kwaye babulala iithralls.
Ukuziphindezela, u-Erik wathatha izinto ezandleni zakhe waza wabulala u-Eyjolf noHolmgang-Hrafn. Abazalwana baka-Eyjolf bafuna ukuxoshwa kuka-Erik eHaukadal, kwaye abantu base-Iceland bamgweba iminyaka emithathu yokuthunjwa ngenxa yezenzo zakhe. Ngeli xesha, uErik wabalekela kwiSiqithi saseBrokey naseÖxney (Eyxney) eIceland.
Ingxabano kunye nesisombululo
Ukuthinjwa akuzange kuphelise ungquzulwano phakathi kukaErik neentshaba zakhe. U-Erik uphathise uThorgest isethitokkr yakhe ayithandayo kunye nelifa lemiqadi ehonjisiweyo enexabiso elikhulu elingaqondakaliyo eliziswe eNorway nguyise. Noko ke, xa u-Erik egqibile ukwakha indlu yakhe entsha waza wabuyela kwi-setstokkr, uThorgest wala ukubanikezela.
UErik, ezimisele ukubuyisela izinto zakhe ezixabisekileyo, wagqiba kwelokuba aphinde azithabathele ngokwakhe. Kungquzulwano olwalandelayo, akazange akhuphe i-setstokkr kuphela kodwa wabulala oonyana bakaThorgest kunye namanye amadoda ambalwa. Esi senzo sobundlobongela sayenza mandundu imeko, nto leyo eyakhokelela kungquzulwano phakathi kwamaqela aphikisanayo.
“Emva koko, ngamnye kubo waba neqela elikhulu lamadoda kunye naye ekhayeni lakhe. UStyr wamxhasa uErik, njengoko wenzayo noEyiolf waseSviney, uThorbjiorn, unyana kaVifil, noonyana bakaThorbrand waseAlptafirth; ngoxa uThorgest wayexhaswa ngoonyana bakaThord the Yeller, noThorgeir waseHitardal, uAslak waseLangadal nonyana wakhe uIllugi.”— IZe.ISaga kaEric oBomvu.
Ingxabano ekugqibeleni yafikelela esiphelweni ngokungenelela kwendibano eyaziwa ngokuba yiThing, eyathi yavala u-Erik iminyaka emithathu.
Ukufunyanwa kweGreenland
Ngaphandle kwembali eninzi echaza u-Erik oBomvu njengowokuqala waseYurophu ukufumana iGreenland, i-sagas yase-Iceland icebisa ukuba amaNorsemen azamile ukuyilungisa phambi kwakhe. UGunnbjörn Ulfsson, nokwaziwa ngokuba nguGunnbjörn Ulf-Krakuson, ubalelwa kukuqala kokubona umhlaba, awathi wabethwa ngumoya onamandla waze wabiza iGunnbjörn's skerries. U-Snæbjörn galti naye watyelela iGreenland kwaye, ngokutsho kweerekhodi, wakhokela umzamo wokuqala wamaNorse wokwenza ithanga, waphela ngokusilela. U-Erik the Red, nangona kunjalo, wayengummi wokuqala osisigxina.
Ebudeni bokuthinjwa kwakhe ngo-982, uErik wahamba ngesikhephe esiya kwindawo uSnæbjörn awayezame ukuyilungisa kwiminyaka emine ngaphambili. Wajikeleza incam esemazantsi yesi siqithi, kamva eyaziwa ngokuba yiCape Farewell, wenyuka kunxweme olusentshona, apho wafumana ubukhulu becala indawo engenamkhenkce eneemeko ezifana neIceland. Wahlola lo mhlaba iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokuba abuyele e-Iceland.
UErik wanika abantu umhlaba “njengeGreenland” ukuze abarhwebeshele ukuba bahlale kuwo. Wayesazi ukuba impumelelo yayo nayiphi na indawo yokuhlala eGreenland yayiza kufuna inkxaso yabantu abaninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Waphumelela, yaye abaninzi, ngokukodwa “abo baVikings babehlala kumhlaba ohlwempuzekileyo eIceland” nabo babethwaxwe “yindlala yakutshanje”—beyiseka kukuba iGreenland inamathuba amaninzi.
U-Erik wabuyela eGreenland ngo-985 kunye neqela elikhulu leenqanawa zamakholoni, ishumi elinesine lafika emva kokuba ishumi elinanye lilahlekile elwandle. Baseka iindawo zokuhlala ezimbini kunxweme olusemazantsi-ntshona, iMpuma kunye neNtshona, kwaye i-Middle Settlement kucingelwa ukuba yayiyinxalenye yeNtshona. U-Erik wakha umhlaba we-Brattahlíð kwi-Eastern Settlement kwaye waba yinkosi ephambili. Indawo yokuhlala yanda, yanda yabemi abangama-5,000 XNUMX, kwaye abaphambukeli abangakumbi bathelela bevela eIceland.
Ukufa kunye nelifa
Unyana ka-Erik, uLeif Erikson, uya kuqhubekeka nokuzuza udumo lwakhe njengeViking yokuqala ukuhlola umhlaba waseVinland, ekukholelwa ukuba ukwiNewfoundland yanamhlanje. ULeif wamema uyise ukuba ahambe naye kolu hambo lubalulekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko intsomi isitsho, u-Erik wawa ehasheni lakhe endleleni eya enqanaweni, etolika njengesiqhelo esibi kwaye wagqiba ekubeni angaqhubeki.
Okubuhlungu kukuba, uErik kamva woyiswa kubhubhani owasuba ubomi bamathanga amaninzi eGreenland ebusika emva kokumka konyana wakhe. Elinye iqela labaphambukeli elafika ngo-1002 leza nalo bhubhani. Kodwa ikoloni yaphinda yanda kwaye yasinda de kwaNcinci Imiyaka yomkence yenza umhlaba ungabafanelanga abantu baseYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-15. Ugqogqo lwabaphangi, ungquzulwano ne-Inuit, kunye nokushiywa kweNorway kweli thanga nako kwaba negalelo ekwehleni kwayo.
Ngaphandle kokusweleka kwakhe ngesiquphe, ilifa lika-Erik the Red liyaqhubeka, libhalwe ngonaphakade kwiimbali zembali njengomhloli ongenaloyiko nongenaluloyiko.
Uthelekiso kwisaga yaseGreenland
Kukho ungqamaniso olumangalisayo phakathi kweSaga kaErik oBomvu kunye nesaga yaseGreenland, zombini zibalisa uhambo olufanayo kwaye zibandakanya abalinganiswa abaphindaphindiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iiyantlukwano eziphawulekayo. Kwisaga saseGreenland, olu hambo luboniswa njengelinge elinye elikhokelwa nguThorfinn Karlsefni, ngelixa u-Erik the Red's saga ebabonisa njengohambo olwahlukileyo olubandakanya uThorvald, uFreydis, kunye nomfazi kaKarlsefni uGudrid.
Ngapha koko, indawo yokuhlala iyahluka phakathi kweeakhawunti ezimbini. ISaga saseGreenland sibhekisa kwindawo yokuhlala njengeVinland, ngelixa iSaga kaErik the Red ikhankanya iindawo ezimbini zokuhlala: iStraumfjǫrðr, apho bachitha khona ubusika nentwasahlobo, kunye neHop, apho badibana khona neengxabano nabantu bomthonyama abaziwa njengeSkraelings. Ezi ngxelo ziyahluka kugxininiso lwazo, kodwa zombini ziqaqambisa impumelelo ebalaseleyo kaThorfinn Karlsefni kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uGudrid.
Amazwi okugqibela
U-Erik the Red, umkhenkethi weViking owafumanisa iGreenland, wayengumhambi wokwenene omoya wakhe wobuganga nokuzimisela kwahlahlel indlela yokusekwa kweendawo zokuhlala zamaNorse kulo mhlaba unzima. Ukususela ekugxothweni nasekugxothweni kwimizabalazo yakhe yomtshato kunye nokufa ekugqibeleni, ubomi buka-Erik bazaliswe zizilingo kunye noloyiso.
Ilifa lika-Erik the Red liqhubeka liphila njengobungqina bomoya ongenakoyiswa wokuhlola, usikhumbuza ngemisebenzi engaqhelekanga eyenziwa ngoomatiloshe bamandulo baseNorse. Masikhumbule u-Erik oBomvu njengomntu wasentsomini ongoyikiyo waya kwindawo engaziwayo, ebhala igama lakhe ngonaphakade kwiingxelo zembali.
Emva kokufunda malunga no-Erik oBomvu kunye nokufunyanwa kweGreenland, funda malunga UMadoc owafumanisa iMelika ngaphambi kukaColumbus; uze ufunde malunga UMaine Penny - ingqekembe yeViking yenkulungwane ye-10 efunyenwe eMelika.
