Uphononongo olusandul 'ukwenziwa lwe-DNA luye lwagqiba ukuba awona mathambo amadala afunyanwa e-São Paulo, eBrazil, eLuzio, unokulandelwa emva kwabahlali bokuqala baseMelika kwiminyaka eyi-16,000 eyadlulayo. Eli qela labantu ekugqibeleni lavelisa amaTupi omthonyama anamhlanje.
Eli nqaku libonisa ingcaciso yokunyamalala kwabona bahlali bakudala bengingqi yonxweme lwaseBrazil abakha i-"sambaquis," eyimfumba enkulu yamaqokobhe kunye namathambo entlanzi asetyenziswa njengendawo yokuhlala, indawo zokungcwaba, kunye neempawu zemida yomhlaba. Abembi bezinto zakudala bahlala bebhala ezi mfumba njengeziduli zeqokobhe okanye ikhitshi eliphakathi. Uphando lusekwe kweyona iseti ibanzi ye-Brazilian archaeological genomic data.
U-Andre Menezes Strauss, i-archaeologist ye MAE-USP kunye nenkokeli yophando, yachaza ukuba abakhi beSambaqui kunxweme lweAtlantiki yayilelona qela labantu linabantu abaninzi kuMzantsi Merika wangaphambi kobukoloniyali emva kwempucuko yaseAndean. Kangangamawaka neminyaka, babethathwa ngokuba 'ngookumkani baselunxwemeni', de banyamalala ngequbuliso malunga neminyaka engama-2,000 eyadlulayo.
I-genomes ye-34 ye-fossils, ubuncinci iminyaka eyi-10,000 ubudala, ukusuka kwiindawo ezine zonxweme lwaseBrazil zihlolwe kakuhle ngababhali. La mathambo athatyathwa kwiindawo ezisibhozo: eCabeçuda, eCapelinha, eCubatao, eLimao, eJabuticabeira II, ePalmeiras Xingu, ePedra do Alexandre, naseVau Una, equka ii<em>sambaquis.
Ekhokelwa nguLevy Figuti, uprofesa we-MAE-USP, iqela lafumana i-skeleton endala eSao Paulo, eLuzio, kumlambo waseCapelinha ophakathi kwintlambo yaseRibeira de Iguape. Ukhakhayi lwayo lwalufana neLuzia, eyona fosili yamandulo yabantu efunyenwe eMzantsi Merika ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ekuqikelelwa ukuba ineminyaka emalunga ne-13,000 14,000 ikho. Ekuqaleni, abaphandi bacinga ukuba yayivela kubantu abahlukileyo kunama-Amerindi anamhlanje, ahlala eBrazil kwiminyaka eyi-XNUMX eyadlulayo, kodwa kamva kwangqinwa ukuba bubuxoki.
Iziphumo zohlalutyo lwemfuza yeLuzio yafumanisa ukuba wayengumAmerindian, njengeTupi, iQuechua, okanye iCherokee. Oku akuthethi ukuba ziyafana ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ngokwembono yehlabathi, zonke ziphuma kwizantyalantyala zemfuduko enye eyafika kumazwe aseMerika kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-16,000 eyadlulayo. UStrauss wathi ukuba kwakukho abanye abantu kulo mmandla kwiminyaka engama-30,000 eyadlulayo, ayizange ishiye nayiphi na inzala phakathi kwala maqela.
I-DNA kaLuzio yanika ukuqonda komnye umbuzo. I-River middens yahlukile kweyaselunxwemeni, ngoko ke ukufunyaniswa akunakucingelwa ukuba ngumanduleli we-sambaquis yakudala eyavela kamva. Esi sityhilelo sibonisa ukuba kwakukho iimfuduko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo - ukungena ngaphakathi kunye nasecaleni lonxweme.
Kwenzeka ntoni ngabadali besambaqui? Uphononongo lwedatha yezofuzo lubonakalise abantu abangafaniyo abaneenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngazo kodwa umahluko omkhulu webhayoloji, ngakumbi phakathi kwabemi bemimandla yonxweme olusemzantsi-mpuma nasemzantsi.
U-Strauss waphawula ukuba uphando malunga ne-cranial morphology kwiminyaka ye-2000 sele lucebise ukungafani okufihlakeleyo phakathi kolu luntu, olwaxhaswa luhlalutyo lwemfuza. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba inani labemi baselunxwemeni babengabekwanga bodwa, kodwa babesoloko betshintshiselana ngemfuza namaqela angaphakathi elizweni. Le nkqubo kufuneka ukuba iqhubekile kwiminyaka eyiwaka kwaye kucingelwa ukuba ibangele ukuhluka kwengingqi ye-sambaquis.
Xa kuphandwa ngokunyamalala okungaqondakaliyo kolu luntu lwaselwandle, olwaluquka abazingeli bokuqala kunye nabaqokeleli beHolocene, iisampulu zeDNA ezihlalutyiweyo zabonisa ukuba, ngokuchaseneyo nenkqubo yeNeolithic yaseYurophu yokutshintsha bonke abantu, okwenzeka kulo mmandla yayikukuba utshintsho kwizithethe, ezibandakanya ukuhla ekwakhiweni kweqokobhe lemiddens kunye nokongezwa kodongwe ngabakhi besambaqui. Ngokomzekelo, i-genetic material efunyenwe kwi-Galheta IV (efumaneka kwi-Santa Catarina state) - indawo evelele kakhulu ukusuka kweli xesha - yayingenayo i-shell shells, kodwa i-ceramics, kwaye ifaniswa ne-sambaquis yakudala kulo mba.
U-Strauss waphawula ukuba iziphumo zophando lwe-2014 malunga neengqayi zobumba ezivela kwi-sambaquis zazivumelana nengcamango yokuba iimbiza zisetyenziselwa ukupheka intlanzi, kunokuba imifuno yasekhaya. Wabalaselisa indlela abemi baloo mmandla ababusebenzise ngayo ubugcisa bokusebenza phakathi kwelizwe ukuze balungise ukutya kwabo kwesintu.
Uphononongo lwapapashwa okokuqala kwijenali indalo ngoJulayi 31, 2023.
