Kwiminyaka esixhenxe emva kovavanyo lwenyukliya eAlamogordo, eNew Mexico, uGqirha J. Robert Oppenheimer, utata webhombu yeatom, wayefundisa ekholejini xa umfundi ebuza ukuba ingaba yayiluvavanyo lokuqala na olwaqhutywa. “Ewe, kula maxesha” waphendula.
Amagama ososayensi eneneni ayengumboniso wobungqina bamandulo - imibhalo yamaHindu eyaziwayo - echaza intlekele engadibananga nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo okanye ezinye izinto ezaziwayo.
Kwiminyaka esixhenxe eyadlulayo ukusukela ngoko, u-Oppenheimer, owafunda ngenzondelelo isi-Sanskrit samandulo, wayebhekise kwisicatshulwa “IBhagavad Gita” leyo ichaza intlekele eyabangelwa “sisixhobo esingaziwayo, imitha yentsimbi.”
Imibhalo yamandulo yamaHindu ichaza iimfazwe ezinkulu ezenzekayo kunye nesixhobo esingaziwayo esidala intshabalalo enkulu. Umzobo wesandla wedabi laseKurukshetra, elishicilelwe eMahabharata, lichaza isiganeko esoyikeka.
Ngelixa kusenokoyikisa uluntu lwenzululwazi ukuthetha ngobukho bezixhobo zeatom ngaphambi komjikelo wangoku wempucuko, ubungqina bale meko bubonakala ngathi buhlebeza iivesi zayo kuzo zonke iimbombo zomhlaba.
Imitha iseyingozi, indawo iyingozi kakhulu. Uluhlu olunzima lothuthu olusasazeka ngemitha eRajasthan, e-India, lugubungela ummandla osisikwere seemayile ezintathu, iikhilomitha ezilishumi ngasentshona kweJodhpur. Izazinzulu ziphanda le ndawo, apho kwakusakhiwa uphuhliso lwezindlu.
Kangangexesha elithile kuye kwafumaniseka ukuba kukho inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu leziphene zokuzalwa kunye nomhlaza kwindawo eyakhiwayo. Amanqanaba emitha ebhalise aphakame kakhulu kwizilinganisi zabaphandi kangangokuba urhulumente wase-India ngoku urhangqe lo mmandla.
Oososayensi bafumanise isixeko samandulo apho ubungqina bubonisa ukuqhuma kwe-athomu ukusuka kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, ukusuka kwi-8,000 ukuya kwi-12,000 yeminyaka. Itshabalalise uninzi lwezakhiwo kwaye mhlawumbi nesiqingatha sesigidi sabantu. Omnye umphengululi uqikelela ukuba ibhombu yenyukliya esetyenzisiweyo yayilingana nezo zaphoswa eJapan ngo-1945.
Amanxuwa aseHarappa
IMahabharata ichaza ngokucacileyo intlekele eyanyikima ilizwekazi:
“Iprojekti enye ehlawulwe ngawo onke amandla kwindalo iphela… Ikholam yomsi kunye nedangatye eliqaqambe kangangeshumi lamawaka elanga, laphakama kubuhle balo bonke… yayisisixhobo esingaziwayo, isindudumo sentsimbi, umthunywa omkhulu wokufa owanciphisa Uthuthu lonke uhlanga luphela. ”
“Izidumbu zitshiswe kakhulu ngokokude zingaziwa. Iinwele neenzipho zabo zawa, udongwe lwaphuka ngaphandle kwesizathu, kwaye iintaka zajika zaba mhlophe. Emva kweeyure ezimbalwa, konke ukutya kwasulelwa. Ukuze abaleke lo mlilo, amajoni aziphosa emlanjeni. ”
Amagqabantshintshi ngembali
Umbhali-mbali u-Kisari Mohan Ganguli uthi imibhalo engcwele yama-Indiya igcwele ezi nkcazo, ezivakala ngathi kukuqhushumba kwe-athomu njengoko kwenzeka e-Hiroshima nase-Nagasaki. Uthi izingqinisiso zikhankanya ukulwa kweenqwelo zezulu kunye nezixhobo zokugqibela. Idabi lakudala lichazwa kwiDrona Parva, icandelo leMahabharata.
"Inqaku libalisa ngokulwa apho ukuqhushumba kwezixhobo zokugqibela kugqibe yonke imikhosi, kubangele izihlwele zamajoni ngamahashe eendlovu kunye nezixhobo ukuba zihanjiswe ngokungathi ngamagqabi omileyo omthi," Utsho uGanguli.
“Endaweni yamafu amakhowa, umbhali uchaza ugqabhuko-dubulo olwenzeka ngamaphiko alo omsi njengolandelelwano lwee parasols ezinkulu. Kukho izimvo malunga nongcoliseko lokutya neenwele zabantu eziwayo. ”
Iglasi yasentlango: Ngaba bubungqina bokuqhushumba kwamandulo kweatom?
Ubungqina bokudubula kweatom kumaxesha amandulo abuveli nje kuphela kwiivesi zamaHindu kodwa kwanakwindawo eyandisiweyo yamaqhekeza eglasi asasazeke kwiintlango ezininzi zehlabathi. Amakristali e-Silicon, abunjiweyo ngokumangalisayo, afana neziqwengana ezifanayo ezifunyenwe emva kogqabhuko lwenyukliya kwindawo yokuvavanywa kweatom yaseAlamogordo.
NgeyoMnga ngo-1932, uPatrick Clayton, umvavanyi ophuma kwiGeological Survey yase-Egypt, waqhuba phakathi kweendunduma zoLwandle oluKhulu lweSanti, kufutshane ne-Saad Plateau e-Egypt, xa weva ukuqhusheka phantsi kweevili. Xa wajonga ukuba yintoni ebangela isandi, wafumanisa iziqwenga zeglasi entlabathini.
Oku kufunyanisiweyo kuthabathe umdla woochwephesha bomhlaba kwihlabathi liphela kwaye kutyalwe imbewu yenye yezona nzulu zenzululwazi zangoku. Yeyiphi into enokuthi ikwazi ukuphakamisa ubushushu bentlabathi yentlango ubuncinci ukuya kuma-3,300 degrees Fahrenheit, ukuyiphosa kumashiti amakhulu eglasi eluhlaza-luhlaza?
Ngelixa edlula e-Alamogordo's White Sands enomjukujelwa, u-Albion W. Hart, ongomnye weenjineli zokuqala ukuphumelela kwi-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, waqaphela ukuba iziqwenga zeglasi ezishiywe ziimvavanyo zenyukliya zazifana nemilo awayeyibona entlango lase-Afrika Kwiminyaka engama-50 ngaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, ukongezwa kwesamente entlango kuya kufuna ukuba ukuqhushumba kube namandla aphindwe kali-10,000 XNUMX kunalawo abonwa eNew Mexico.
Izazinzulu ezininzi ziye zafuna ukucacisa ukusasazeka kwamatye amakhulu eglasi kwiintlango zaseLibya, iSahara, iMojave, nezinye iindawo ezininzi emhlabeni, njengeemveliso zempembelelo enkulu yemeteorite. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kweekreyati ezihamba nazo entlango, ithiyori ayibambeki. Akukho mfanekiso wesathelayithi okanye i-sonar ikwazileyo ukufumana nayiphi na imingxunya.
Ukuba ama-meteorites abangele ukwenziwa kweglasi yesanti, ziphi iimpembelelo zemingxunya?
Ngapha koko, amatye eglasi afunyenwe kwiNtlango yaseLibya abonisa inqanaba lokucaca kunye nokucoceka (iipesenti ezingama-99) ezingafaniyo kwiimfesane zamatye awe awileyo, apho intsimbi kunye nezinye izinto zixutywe kunye nesilicon yesamente emva kwempembelelo.
Nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu ziye zacebisa ukuba i-meteorites ebangela amatye eglasi anokuthi agqabhuke iimayile ezininzi ngaphezu komhlaba, ngokufanayo Isiganeko saseTunguska, okanye bavele baphinde babuyele ngendlela yokuba baphathe kunye nobungqina bempembelelo, kodwa beshiya ubushushu kwi-friction.
Nangona kunjalo, oku akuchazi ukuba zimbini njani iindawo ezifumaneka kufutshane kwiNtlango yaseLibya zibonisa ipateni efanayo-ukubakho kweempembelelo ezimbini zeemeteorite kufutshane kakhulu kuncinci. Kwaye ayikucacisi ukungabikho kwamanzi kwimizekelo yetektite xa le mimandla yempembelelo kwakucingwa ukuba igutyungelwe kuyo kwiminyaka engama-14,000 eyadlulayo.
Uphando lwezinto zakudala lubonelela ngolwazi olunzulu ngakumbi
U-Archeologist u-Francis Taylor uthi u-etchings kwezinye iitempile ezikufutshane e-Rajasthan ukwazile ukuguqulela, ecebisa ukuba bathandazele ukuba basindiswe ekukhanyeni okukhulu okuza kuzonakalisa isixeko. Kuyothusa ukucinga ukuba impucuko ibinobuchwephesha benyukliya ngaphambi kwethu. Uthuthu oluqhumayo longeza ukuthembeka kwiingxelo zamandulo zaseIndiya ezichaza imfazwe yeatom. ”
Ulwakhiwo lume ngelixa iqela lamalungu amahlanu liqhuba uphando. Umphathi wale projekthi nguLee Hundley, owaba nguvulindlela kuphando emva kokufunyanwa kwenqanaba eliphezulu lemitha. Kukho ubungqina bokuba ubukhosi baseRama (ngoku eyi-India) bonakaliswa yimfazwe yenyukliya. Intlambo yase-Indus ngoku iyintlango yaseThar, kwaye indawo ye-ash radioactive efumaneka entshona yeJodhpur ijikeleze apho.
Kude kube kukuqhushumba eHiroshima naseNagasaki, uluntu lwanamhlanje alunakucinga nasiphi na isixhobo esothusayo nesonakalisayo njengaleyo ichazwe kwimibhalo yamandulo yaseIndiya. Nangona kunjalo zichazwe ngokuchanekileyo iziphumo zokuqhushumba kweatom. Ityhefu yerediyo iyakwenza ukuba iinwele kunye neenzipho ziwe. Ukuntywiliselwa emanzini kunika ukuphumla, nangona ayisiyonyango.
Xa ukumbiwa kweHarappa kunye neMohenjo-Daro kwafikelela kwinqanaba lesitalato, bafumanisa amathambo asasazeke esixekweni, uninzi lubambene ngezandla kwaye luthe saa ezitratweni ngokungathi kukho intshabalalo yangoko nangoko. Abantu babelele nje, bengangcwatywanga, ezitalatweni zesixeko. Kwaye la mathambo anamawaka eminyaka ubudala, nangokwemigangatho yemveli yezinto zakudala. Yintoni enokubangela into enjalo? Kutheni le nto imizimba ingazange ibole okanye ityiwe zizilwanyana zasendle? Ngapha koko, akukho sizathu sibonakalayo sokufa kogonyamelo ngokwasemzimbeni.
La mathambo aphakathi kwezona radioactive zakha zafunyanwa, ngokukude nezo ziseHiroshima naseNagasaki. Kwesinye isiza, abaphengululi baseSoviet bafumana amathambo ayenenqanaba le-radioactive ephindwe ka-50 kunesiqhelo. Ezinye izixeko zifunyenwe emantla eIndiya ezibonisa uqhushumbo olukhulu kakhulu.
Esinye sezixeko, esafunyanwa phakathi kweGanges neentaba zaseRajmahal, kubonakala ngathi sasifudumezelwe bubushushu. Ubuninzi beendonga kunye neziseko zesixeko samandulo zidityanisiwe kunye, ngokoqobo ziqinisiwe! Kwaye ekubeni kungekho nto ibonisa ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo eMohenjo-Daro okanye kwezinye iidolophu, ubushushu obugqithisileyo obunyibilikisa iinqanawa zodongwe bunokuchazwa kuphela kukuqhushumba kweatom okanye esinye isixhobo esingaziwayo. Izixeko zatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo.
Ngelixa amathambo enziwe nge-carbon-yomhla ukuya kuma-2500 BC, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba ukuthandana kwekhabhoni kubandakanya ukulinganisa inani lemitha eshiyekileyo. Xa kuqhuma ii-athomu, oko kubenza babonakale ngathi bancinci kakhulu.
Into enomdla kukuba, usosayensi oyintloko weProjekthi yeManhattan uGqirha Oppenheimer wayesaziwa ukuba uqhelene noncwadi lwamandulo lwesiSanskrit. Kudliwanondlebe olwenziwe emva kokubukela uvavanyo lokuqala lweatom ngoJulayi 1945, wacaphula kwi Bhagavad Gita:
“Ngoku ndikukufa, umtshabalalisi wehlabathi”. Ndicinga ukuba sonke sasivakalelwa ngaloo ndlela. ” UGqirha. J. Robert Oppenheimer
Kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva, kudliwanondlebe olwenziwe kwiYunivesithi yaseRochester, uGqirha Oppenheimer wachaza, izixeko zakudala ezinezitena kunye namatye aqinisiweyo, zifumaneka eIndiya, eIreland, eScotland, eFrance, eTurkey nakwezinye iindawo. Akukho ngcaciso ichanekileyo malunga nokuqiniswa kweenqaba zamatye kunye nezixeko, ngaphandle koqhushumbo lweatom.
Ngapha koko, isixeko asikuphela kwendawo yakudala ekrokrelwa ukuba iye yenyukliya. Uninzi lwezakhiwo ezivela kwilizwe lamandulo zibonisa izitena ngamatye ahlanganisiweyo, njengolu vavanyo lobushushu oososayensi banamhlanje abangakwaziyo ukuluchaza:
- Iinqaba zamandulo kunye neenqaba eScotland, eIreland naseNgilani
- Isixeko saseCatal Huyuk eTurkey
- I-Alalakh kumantla eSyria
- Amanxuwa eziXeko zisixhenxe, kufutshane ne-Ecuador
- Izixeko eziphakathi koMlambo iGanges eIndiya kunye neeNduli zeRajmahal
- Iindawo zeNtlango yeMojave eUnited States
Ukuthi, kukho ngazo zonke iiakhawunti ubungqina obaneleyo esinokucinga ngabo: Ngaba kunokubakho okungakumbi kwimbali yoluntu kunokuba besikade sicinga njalo? Yintoni enokubangela le radioactivities? Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba babekho abantu abaneengqondo ezinkulu kakhulu kwiminyaka eyadlulayo ababenobuchule beatom?
