NgokukaJoel Klenck we-Maritime Executive, ufele lwethole lufunyenwe ngaphakathi kweNqanawa kaNowa, esandul' ukufunyanwa kwakhona, ekuqikelelwa ukuba yayisusela kwixesha le-13,100-9,600 BC. Eli phepha lalinoonobumba, amanani negrama yesiHebhere esiPaleo, ekucingelwa ukuba zabhalwa ngomnye wabantu abane abakhankanywe kwiGenesis 6:10 nakwiQur’an, abanjengoNowa, uShem, uHam, uYafete okanye abafazi babo.
UJoel Klenck, ovela kwi-Academia.edu, uthi umkhombe kaNowa, ofikeleleka kwiitonela ezine ukuya kwishumi elinanye leemitha ngaphantsi komgangatho ophantsi komhlaba kwaye emi kumazantsi eNtaba yeArarati, yeyona ndawo inomtsalane yenzululwazi yezinto zakudala kulo lonke ixesha. Inqanawa iqikelelwa ukuba yakhiwe kwi-Late Epipaleolithic Period (13,100-9,600 BC) kwaye imalunga ne-158 yeemitha ubude, kunye nobude be-3,900 ukuya kwi-4,700 yeemitha. Ukongezelela, kukho iimpawu ze-archaeological ezilishumi elinesine zizonke.
IRiphabhliki yaseTurkey inikwe ithuba lokuphila okanye lokufa ngobukho boMkhombe kaNowa; inokuzisa ingeniso yonyaka engama-38 eebhiliyoni zeedola eDogubayazit, esona sixeko sikufutshane, ngokhenketho lwezenkolo ngenxa yenkxaso yeenkolelo ezintathu zika-Abraham zeqela leelwimi zamaSemite. Ukuba urhulumente ophambili waseTurkey akayenzi into yokukhusela umkhombe kaNowa, i-PKK, umbutho kaMarxist owaziwa ngobugrogrisi obunobundlobongela, unokutyhila inqanawa, utshintshe ikhowudi yayo exabisekileyo kunye nezinto zokwenza izixhobo, kwaye ukhulule ubhubhani weStone Age kwilindle lezilwanyana ezinyibilikayo. ngaphakathi, ebangela ingozi kubemi baseTurkey.
Inqanawa yamandulo yaselwandle ibonisa i-hull ethathiweyo, iikheji ezininzi, ubulongwe bezilwanyana obugcinwe kumgangatho we-middens, i-ramp ethambekele, imigangatho emithathu, i-ballasts, amagumbi okugcina, ii-adze zamatye eziqeshwe kwi-nautical carpentry, kunye nangaphandle kunye nangaphandle. ngaphakathi kwinqanawa igqunywe yipitch. Ngaphakathi kweTyeya, izinto zomdongwe azikho, kodwa kukho ukudityaniswa kwezixhobo zeLate Stone Age kunye nezikhongozeli ezenziwe ngamaplanga, amalaphu, iintambo, izinto ezenziwe ngamathambo kunye nezomthi, iintsalela zebhotani, kunye neenkozo ezenziwa ekhaya. Oku kubandakanya i-chickpea, i-vetch ekrakra, i-ertyisi, kunye neesiriyeli.
Kummandla wesango loMyezo kaNowa, izizukulwana zamva zakha iindawo ezincinane zonqulo ezaziqulethe izinto zakudala ezibonisa intlonelo kangangamawaka eminyaka. Abaphengululi bezinto zakudala bafumanisa iingqayi zePottery Neolithic (7,000-5,800 BC) ukuya kutsho kwiMedieval era (AD 700-1375) ezazizaliswe yimizila yewayini, ubisi, kunye nembewu. Ukongeza, amanani amancinci amatye asuka kwiSumerian Early Dynastic Period (2,900-2,334 BC) afunyanwa kwezi ndawo zonqulo.
Amatywina e-Akkadian ukusuka kwi-2,300 BC abonisa iTyeya kwiNtaba yeArarati enkulu, ngelixa amacwecwe e-Hurrian ukusuka kwi-1,300 BC echaza uNowa, iNtaba yeArarati, kunye nesithixo esiphezulu. Esi sakhiwo siyangqinelana neengxelo zoMkhombe kaNowa ezibhalwe nguSolusapho uMoses kwiGenesis, abaphengululi abadumileyo uBerossus noJosephus, kunye neQuran yoMprofeti wamaSilamsi uMuhammed.
Ama-Armenian azama ukugcina umkhombe kaNowa ufihliwe ukususela ngo-247 BC, esebenza ukugcina ukuzimela kwabo. UMkrtich Khrimian, inkokeli yeCawa yaseArmenian, wakhupha imiyalelo ngowe-1907 ukuba bayifihle ngakumbi, umzamo owagcinwa uyimfihlo ngokuhlanjululwa kukaStalin. Oku kube nefuthe kwimbali kaAnatolian, nto leyo evuselela iimvakalelo ezininzi. U-Klenck ulwa neqela elinxulumene ne-PKK, elizama ukudiliza iTyeya, enentsingiselo kumaSilamsi, ubuKristu kunye nobuYuda ngokufanayo.
Umembi wezinto zakudala uthi iCodex ayivisisani neengcamango zanamhlanje ezithi iilwimi zokuqala zavela kubantu abasasazeke ehlabathini lonke. Kunoko, ubukho beTyeya kwiNtaba yeArarati, nombhalo wayo wePaleo-Hebrew, buxhasa oko kuthethwa nguMoses, uYesu, nomprofeti wamaSilamsi uMuhammed okuba iilwimi zamaSemite zibumba ulwimi lokuqala emhlabeni, olusindileyo kuNogumbe wehlabathi lonke.
UAbraham Ibn Ezra (AD 1089-1167), phakathi kwabanye abaphengululi abadumileyo, wathi izahluko zokuqala zeGenesis zakhutshelwa ngomlomo zisuka kuAdam zaya kuMoses. Igama elithi ‘Toledot’, elithetha ‘ingxelo’ okanye ‘isizukulwana’ lichazwe okokuqala kwiGenesis 2:5 , yaye liphinda liphindwe kwizahluko ezilandelayo, njengeGenesis 5:1, 6:9, 10:1 . 10:32, kunye ne-11:10. Ngokwembono kaIbn Ezra, obu buchule basetyenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwengxelo yeBhayibhile ukususela kwindalo ukuya kwiMfuduko esuka eYiputa. Noko ke, ukufunyanwa kweCodex kuXesha Lasemva Lamatye, ebhalwe ngePaleo-Hebrew, kuthetha ukuba iToledot kusenokwenzeka ukuba yayiyingqokelela yamaxwebhu abhaliweyo awathi uMoses wawafaka kwiPentatiki, ukususela kwiGenesis ukusa kwiDuteronomi.
ICodex yafunyanwa kwiNdawo engu-A1, eLocus 14, indawo encinane ekumgangatho wesibini wenqanawa. Lo mmandla wawusetyenziselwa ukufudumeza ukutya namanzi. Emva kwemiqadi yomsipres eyayisikwe kancinane eyayibumba iindonga zesakhiwo, kwafunyanwa indawo efihlakeleyo apho umbhalo-ngqangi wawukuwo. Kwi-Locus 14, kwafunyanwa iziqalelo zomdongwe, kuquka izitya zomthi ezigqunywe ngodaka lodongwe olwalufudunyezwe kwiTyeya. ).
Abembi bezinto zakudala bajongene nengcaciso ethe tye ngakumbi yokwenziwa kwezinto zomdongwe ngenxa yoMkhombe kaNowa: Abantu be-Stone Age babeza kudala izitya zomthi, bagqume ngodongwe kwaye bafudumale phezu komlilo. Ekugqibeleni, abantu bemka kuyilo lweplanga kwaye endaweni yoko basebenzisa izitya zodongwe ezomelezwa bubushushu, bebeka isiseko sophuhliso lwemveliso yeceramic.
ICodex ineendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokubhala ngesandla, ukususela kumbhalo onzima, onjengebhloko yomntu omnye ukusa kwezona zithambileyo nezicoliweyo zomhleli olungisa impazamo yegama elithi “ubomi,” elibhalwe ngesiPaleo-Hebrew.
I-Codex yomkhombe kaNowa yenziwe ngesikhumba, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-klaf okanye i-vellum, eyenziwe kwisikhumba sezilwanyana ze-kosher njengamathole. Isigqubuthelo sekhowudi yi-14.67 cm ubude kunye ne-10.59 cm ububanzi, kunye nezibophelelo ezintathu ezenziwe ngesikhumba esithambileyo. Kukho amaphepha asixhenxe e-klaf ebhityileyo enencam evuzayo, enobude obuyi-9.75 cm kunye ne-7.53 cm ububanzi.
Isikhumba seVellum siqulethe i-collagen eninzi. Xa amanzi epeyinti edibana nesikhumba, i-collagen iyancibilika, yenze i-grooves kwi-klaf kunye neendawo eziphakanyisiweyo zepeyinti. Ikwachaphazeleka nokusingqongileyo, ngakumbi ukufuma. ICodex yafunyanwa kwiLocus 14, Area A1, eyona ndawo iphakamileyo nekhuselekileyo yeTyeya. Ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezi zakhiwo ziqatywe ngomaleko wenowuti, ibhitumene kunye nentlaka. Umphakamo we-Area A1 ungaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-4000 kwiNtaba yeArarati kwaye ingcwatywe ngaphantsi kweemitha ezisi-8 zomkhenkce onomkhenkce kunye nezixhobo zelithic, ngaphandle kokufuma. Ininzi yepeyinti evela kwiCodex iye yaphela, kodwa into eseleyo yimilinganiselo eyenziwa yi-collagen enyibilikayo xa ipeyinti isetyenziswe okokuqala ngexesha le-Late Epipaleolithic Period (13,100 - 9,600 BC).
ICodex iqulunqwe ngendlela ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo, njengesiHebhere nesiArabhu sangoku, kunye nokusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi. Amaphepha aye ancamathelene. Ngelishwa, xa umbhalo wesandla ufunyenwe, amacandelo amabini ahluliwe, atyhila amaphepha 2, 3, 4 kunye ne-5. Kwiphepha lesi-2 kunye ne-4, ukubonwa okuncinci kwe-collagen ye-vellum kunokubonwa, kodwa kubonisa imifanekiso eguqulweyo. Ngaloo ndlela, abaphengululi banokubona umva wephepha lesi-2 nelesi-4, nangaphambili kwiphepha 3 nelesi-5. Oonobumba bePaleo-Hebrew bahluka ngokweenkcukacha ukusuka koonobumba abatsolwe ngokunzulu ukusa kweminye imimandla echuliweyo. Ukuze kufunyanwe amagama amaninzi kunye neesimboli ezivela kwiCodex, i-multi-spectral kunye ne-x-reyi imaging iyafuneka.
KwiCodex, umqondiso wokuqala wokukhanya ubonakala ngemifanekiso emithathu: INtaba yeArarati, udederhu lweentaba ezikumazantsi eArarati, kunye nenkamela. Lo maleko wenziwa ngegolden shell, engumgubo wegolide odityaniswe nokuba yintlaka yesi-arabic okanye iqanda. Ukongeza, iimenorah ezimbini ezinamakhandlela ama-5 zinokubonwa ngaphandle kweziseko ezikufutshane neNtaba yeArarati enkulu.
Abantu baseKurd abahlala kufuphi neNtaba yeArarati bakholelwa ukuba umkhombe kaNowa uphethe igolide, kwaye oku kuyinyaniso. Ukukhanya kweCodex kwenziwa kusetyenziswa umgubo wegolide ofunyenwe ngaphakathi kwenqanawa. Njengoko iTyeya imi kwindawo ekude nekwanti kwintaba ekwiMpuma Ekufuphi, kude nemithombo yegolide, kusenokwenzeka ukuba umgubo wegolide wawususela kwixesha ngaphambi kokuba ukuphakama kweNtaba kwandiswe ngenxa yentaba-mlilo kunye necala layo elingasentla. yatshintshwa kwi-morphology, kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga ne-9,600 BC kwiXesha le-Epipaleolithic.
ICodex ikwaqikelela ukuba kusenokubakho eminye imibhalo-ngqangi ye<em>klaf eyayigcinwe ngaphakathi komkhombe kaNowa Ababhali beCodex baye bakhetha ukungawusebenzisi ngokupheleleyo wonke ummandla wesikhumba kwaye, endaweni yoko, bawusebenzisa njengohlobo loncwadi, noPaleo. -Imidlalo yamagama yesiHebhere, iingxelo ezimfutshane, kunye nokubonisa imifanekiso ekhanyayo. Ukongezelela, lo mbhalo ubhekisela kwimiba engoNowa noNogumbe okhankanywe kwiGenesis nakwiKur’an, kodwa akukho nalinye lamabinzana alo anokufunyanwa kulo naluphi na uxwebhu. Ndikholelwa ukuba eminye imibhalo-ngqangi, enjengeenxalenye zika-'Toledot' ekuthethwa ngazo eBhayibhileni nokuthethwa ngayo nguIbn Ezra, isagcinwe ngaphakathi kuloo nqanawa.
UKlenck uthi urhulumente waseTurkey kufuneka alawule iCodex, kunye nezinto ezenziweyo kunye nezakhiwo eziphuma kuMkhombe kaNowa, eziye zadunyiswa nguMuhammed, uYesu noMoses ngokufanayo. Uqhubeka ngokuvakalisa ukudakumba kwakhe ngokungabikho kolawulo ngabasemagunyeni baseTurkey bezinto zakudala zakudala, njengoko ezi zinto zixabisekileyo ezibonisa ukuqala kwempucuko kunye neXesha leNeolithic, ziphangwa kwaye zonakaliswe. U-Klenck uqukumbela, ebiza le ntshabalalo yeTyeya kunye nezinto zayo zobugcisa njengentlekele.
I-PRC, Inc., esekwe ngo-2007, ibonelela ngeenkonzo ze-archaeological zehlabathi eziquka uphando, ukomba kunye nophando.
Ukubaluleka komthambo akunakuphikiswa. Umsebenzi womzimba ubalulekile kwimpilo yethu iyonke, njengoko unceda ukuqinisa umzimba nengqondo. Inokunceda ekunciphiseni umngcipheko wokuba nezifo ezininzi ezingapheliyo kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi bethu. Ukwenza umthambo akuyomfuneko ukuba kube nzima kakhulu ukuze kube yingenelo; kwanemithambo ephakathi inokuba luncedo olukhulu empilweni.
