IiPicts yayiluluntu lwakudala olwaphumelela kwi-Iron Age Scotland ukusuka kwi-79 ukuya kwi-843 CE. Nangona ubomi babo bufutshane, bashiya uphawu oluhlala luhleli kwimbali kunye nenkcubeko yaseSkotlani. Ilifa labo linokubonwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngamatye ePictish, iihodi zesilivere, kunye nezakhiwo zokwakha.
Imvelaphi yeePicts
Enye yezona zinto zinomdla kakhulu kwiiPicts yimvelaphi yazo, ehlala ingumxholo wengxoxo phakathi kwababhali-mbali kunye nabembi bezinto zakudala. Kuvunywa ngokubanzi ukuba babengumanyano lwezizwe kwaye babenezikumkani ezisixhenxe. Nangona kunjalo, imvelaphi echanekileyo yePicts isekho igutyungelwe yimfihlelo. Igama elithi "Pict" ngokwalo kukholelwa ukuba lisuka kwelesiLatini elithi "Picti", elithetha "abantu abapeyintiweyo", okanye kwigama lomthonyama elithi "Pecht" elithetha "izinyanya", beqaqambisa iindlela zabo zenkcubeko ezizodwa.
Ubuchule bomkhosi: Bawanqanda amaRoma anamandla
IiPicts zaziwa ngobuchule bazo basemkhosini kunye nokubandakanyeka emadabini. Mhlawumbi olona tshaba lwabo ludumileyo yayibuBukhosi baseRoma. Nangona bohlulwe bazizizwe ezahlukeneyo, xa amaRoma ahlaselayo, iziduko zamaPictish zaziza kuhlangana phantsi kwenkokeli enye ukuba zixhathise, zifana namaCelt ngexesha lokoyisa kukaKesare iGaul. AmaRoma enza amalinge amathathu okoyisa iCaledonia (ngoku eyiSkotlani), kodwa ngalinye lalingaphelelwa lixesha. Ekugqibeleni bakha uDonga lukaHadrian ukuphawula umda wabo osemantla.
AmaRoma athimba iSkotlani ngokufutshane ukuya kutsho ePerth aza akha olunye udonga, iAntonine Wall, ngaphambi kokuba ahlehle ebuyela emva kuDonga lukaHadrian. Ngowama-208 CE, uMlawuli uSeptimius Severus wakhokela iphulo lokuphelisa iiPicts ezazinenkathazo, kodwa wasebenzisa amaqhinga okulwa ukuze athintele uloyiso lwamaRoma. USeverus wafa ngexesha lephulo, kwaye oonyana bakhe babuyela eRoma. Njengoko amaRoma ayesoloko engaphumeleli ekoyiseni iiPicts, ekugqibeleni arhoxa ngokupheleleyo kulo mmandla.
Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ngoxa iiPicts yayingamajoni anobukroti, ayenoxolo phakathi kwawo. Amadabi abo nezinye izizwe ayedla ngokuba ziingxaki ezincinane ezifana nobusela bemfuyo. Bayila ibutho labantu elintsonkothileyo elinemibutho yasekuhlaleni entsonkothileyo nenkqubo elungelelanisiweyo yezobupolitika. Isikumkani ngasinye kwezi zisixhenxe sasinabalawuli nemithetho yaso, nto leyo eyayibonisa ibutho labantu elilungelelene kakhulu neligcina uxolo phakathi kwemida yalo.
Ubukho babo babumba ikamva laseSkotlani
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iiPicts zadibana nezinye iinkcubeko ezingabamelwane, njengeDál Riata kunye nama-Anglians. Oku kufaniswa kwakhokelela ekuphelelweni kwesazisi sabo sePictish kunye nokuvela koBukumkani baseScots. Impembelelo yeePicts kwimbali yaseScotland kunye nenkcubeko ayinakujongelwa phantsi, njengoko ukulinganisa kwabo ekugqibeleni kwabumba ikamva laseSkotlani.
Zazikhangeleka njani iiPicts?
Ngokuchasene nenkolelo ethandwayo, ukubonakaliswa kweePicts njengamaqhawe ahamba ze, ane-tattoo ayichanekanga. Babenxiba iintlobo ngeentlobo zempahla yaye bazihombise ngezacholo. Ngelishwa, ngenxa yokonakala kwempahla, akukho bungqina obuninzi beempahla zabo eziye zasinda. Noko ke, izinto ezifunyaniswe ngabembi bezinto zakudala, ezinje ngeebrowu kunye nezikhonkwane, zibonisa ukuba babeneqhayiya ngenkangeleko yabo.
Amatye ePictish
Enye yezona zinto zibangela umdla ezishiywe ziiPicts ngamatye ePictish. La matye amileyo ahlulwe abe ziindidi ezintathu kwaye ahonjiswe ngeempawu ezintsonkothileyo. Le miqondiso kukholelwa ukuba iyinxalenye yolwimi olubhaliweyo, nangona eyona ntsingiselo yayo ihleli ingaqondwa. Amatye ePictish anika imikhondo ephawulekayo kwimpumelelo yobugcisa nenkcubeko yeePicts.
Iingxowa zesilivere zePictish
Enye into ephawulekayo efunyenweyo enxulumene neePicts yiPictish silver hoards. Ezi hodi zangcwatywa zizihandiba zePictish kwaye zifunyenwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kulo lonke elaseSkotlani. Iihodi ziqulethe izinto zesilivere ezintsonkothileyo ezibonisa ubugcisa obukhethekileyo beePicts. Ngokucacileyo, ezinye zezi zinto zesilivere zahlaziywa zaza zaphinda zasetyenziselwa izinto zakudala zaseRoma, ezibonisa amandla ePicts ukuziqhelanisa kunye nokudibanisa iimpembelelo zangaphandle kwinkcubeko yabo.
Iihodi ezimbini ezidumileyo zePictish yiNorrie's Law Hoard kunye neSt. Ninian's Isle Hoard. I-Law Hoard kaNorrie yayiqulethe uluhlu lwezinto zesilivere, eziquka iibrotshi, izacholo, kunye neengqayi. Ngokufanayo, i-Isle Hoard yase-St. Ezi hodi zabelana ngezimvo ezixabisekileyo kungekuphela nje kubuchwephesha bePictish kodwa nakwiziseko zabo zoqoqosho nezentlalo.
Iingcamango zokugqibela kwiiPicts
Ukuqukumbela, imvelaphi yeePicts igutyungelwe kukungaqiniseki, ngeethiyori eziphikisanayo kunye neengxelo ezincinci zembali. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba babephuma kubemi bokuqala baseSkotlani, ngelixa abanye becebisa ukuba babezizizwe zamaCeltic ezisuka kwilizwe laseYurophu ezifudukela kulo mmandla. Ingxoxo-mpikiswano iyaqhubeka, ishiya umnombo wokwenyani kunye nelifa lemveli liyintsokolo edidayo.
Into eyaziwayo, nangona kunjalo, kukuba iiPicts yayizichule ezichubekileyo kunye namagcisa, oko kungqinwa ngamatye abo aqingqwe ngobuchule. Ezi zikhumbuzo zamatye, zifumaneka kulo lonke elaseSkotlani, zinoyilo oluntsonkothileyo kunye nemiqondiso entsonkothileyo engekacaciswa ngokupheleleyo. Ezinye zibonisa imiboniso yedabi nokuzingela, ngelixa ezinye zibonisa izidalwa zasentsomini kunye namaqhina antsonkothileyo. Injongo yabo kunye nentsingiselo yabo ihlala ingumxholo wentelekelelo eshushu, ephembelela umtsalane wempucuko yamandulo yeePicts.
Ubuchwephesha beePicts ekusebenzeni ngesinyithi bukwabonakala kwiingxowa zesilivere ezifunyenwe kulo lonke elaseSkotlani. Ezi zingxobo zobuncwane, ezihlala zingcwatywa ukuze zigcinwe ngokukhuselekileyo okanye iinjongo zesiko, zityhila ubuchule babo bokwenza izacholo ezigqwesileyo kunye nezinto zokuhombisa. Ubuhle kunye nokuntsonkotha kwezi zixhobo zibonakalisa inkcubeko yobugcisa ekhulayo, isenza nzulu ngakumbi imfihlakalo ejikeleze iiPicts.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, iiPicts yayingezogcisa nje kuphela kodwa zazikwangamagorha anamandla. Iingxelo zababhali-mbali baseRoma zibachaza njengabachasi abanoburhalarhume, besilwa amadabi nabahlaseli baseRoma bade bagxothe uhlaselo lweeViking. Ubuchule bomkhosi beePicts, budityaniswa neempawu zabo ezifihlakeleyo kunye nendalo exhathisayo, yongeza kumtsalane woluntu lwabo olungaqondakaliyo.
Njengoko iinkulungwane zazidlula, iiPicts ngokuthe ngcembe zadibana nabantu abathetha isiGaelic abathetha iScots, inkcubeko yabo eyahlukileyo ekugqibeleni yaya kusiba mnyama. Namhlanje, ilifa labo lihlala kwiintsalela zezakhiwo zabo zamandulo, umsebenzi wabo wobugcisa onomtsalane, kunye nemibuzo ehlala ihleli ejikeleze uluntu lwabo.
Emva kokufunda malunga nehlabathi eliyimfihlakalo lePicts yamandulo, funda malunga Isixeko sakudala sase-Ipiutak sakhiwa lugqatso oluneenwele ezimhlophe kunye namehlo aluhlaza, emva koko ufunde malunga ne I-Soknopaiou Nesos: Isixeko sakudala esingaqondakaliyo kwintlango yaseFayum.
