Ngo-2008, icwecwe lodongwe elibhalwe ngoonobumba abatsobhileyo ― elabhida abaphengululi ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-150 ― laguqulelwa okokuqala. Icwecwe ngoku yaziwa ngokuba luqwalaselo lwangoku lwaseSumeri lwempembelelo yeasteroid eKöfels, eOstriya. Kodwa akukho crater kwindawo ye-Köfels, ngoko ke emehlweni anamhlanje ayibonakali ngathi indawo yempembelelo kufuneka ijongeke, kwaye isiganeko se-Köfels sihlala sicingela kude kube namhlanje. Ngoko ke, ubungqina obucacileyo obukwicwecwe lodongwe elibhalwe ngoonobumba abatsobhileyo obadida abaphandi bangaphambili abufihlakele!
Iplani yeSumerian- Imephu yeNkwenkwezi elityelweyo
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, icwecwe elikhangeleka lisisangqa elityhidiweyo lafunyanwa kwithala leencwadi elingaphantsi komhlaba likaKumkani uAshurbanipal eNineve, eIraq, ngowama-650 BC, nguHenry Layard. Kucingelwa ixesha elide ukuba yithebhulethi yaseAsiriya, uhlalutyo lwekhompyuter luyifanise nesibhakabhaka ngaphezulu kweMesopotamiya ngo-3,300 BC kwaye lubonakalise ukuba ludala kakhulu kwimvelaphi yaseSumeri.
Ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-150 izazinzulu ziye zazama ukusombulula imfihlakalo yecwecwe lodongwe elibhalwe ngoonobumba abatsobhileyo elibonisa into ebizwa ngokuba yimpembelelo kaKöfel yabonwa ngamaSumer kumaxesha amandulo. Yayisisiganeko esimangalisayo apho iasteroid ubude bekhilomitha yantlitheka kwiiAlps, kufutshane neKöfels, eOstriya kwiminyaka engama-5,600 eyadlulayo.
Icwecwe elithi "Astrolabe," esona sixhobo sokuqala senkwenkwezi esaziwayo. Inezicangca ezinesangqa sediski enesimo sediski esineeyunithi eziphawuliweyo zemilinganiselo yeengile ebhalwe phezukwalo. Ngelishwa, iinxalenye ezibonakalayo (malunga ne-40%) yommandla weli cwecwe awukho, umonakalo obangelwe kukuphangwa kweNineve. Ukubuyela umva kwethebhulethi akubhalwanga.
Impucuko yakudala yaseSumeri inokuba yayingaphuhliswanga ngokwendlela yeskripthi esibhaliweyo, umzekelo, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo babeyiqonda inzululwazi kunye nesibhakabhaka ebusuku ukuya kwinqanaba elithile. Kwaye oku kuyabonakala kule minyaka ingama-5600 ubudala yeSumerian Star Map.
Isaphononongwa ngabaphengululi bale mihla, icwecwe elibhalwe ngoonobumba abatsobhileyo elikwiqoqo laseBritane eliyiNo K8538 - elaziwa ngokuba yi “the Planisphere” - libubungqina obungaqhelekanga bokuba kukho inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi yaseSumeri.
I-10 iinyani ezinomdla malunga ne-Sumerian Planisphere
Nangona yafunyanwa kwiminyaka engaphezulu kwe-150 eyadlulayo, iSumerian Planisphere iguqulelwe kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, ityhila eyona indala ibonwayo yento yasemhlabeni eyavela emajukujukwini yaza yafika emhlabeni - i-comet. Apha, kweli nqaku, zezinye zezona zinto zibalulekileyo malunga nale Mapu yaseSteriya yakudala.
1 | Umhla ochanekileyo wempembelelo ye-comet
Ukubhalwa kwethebhulethi kunika umhla kunye nexesha elichanekileyo lokuchaphazeleka kwe-meteor eMhlabeni: nge-29 kaJuni, ngo-3123 BC, ngokwemibhalo.
2 | Amanxuwa eRoyal Library ka-King Ashurbanipal ayephethe iitafile ezingama-20,000 XNUMX ngaphezulu kubandakanya iSumerian Planisphere
Ngaphezulu kwama-20,000 150 amacwecwe amandulo afunyanwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala xa babemba indawo yakudala yesixeko saseNineve, eyathatha iminyaka eliqela ukuyigqiba. I- “Planisphere,” le sithetha ngayo namhlanje, kukholelwa ukuba yeyona inzima ukutolikwa. Ngethamsanqa, kwiminyaka eyi-XNUMX kamva, imibhalo eseleyo yaguqulelwa, ityhila ubuninzi bolwazi ebelungaziwa ngaphambili.
3 | I-Planisphere yikopi echanekileyo yeyokuqala
Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba iPlanisphere ifana necwecwe lantlandlolo eladalwa sisazi ngeenkwenkwezi nomakhi-mkhanya wesiganeko sokwenene ebomini bakhe.
4 | Uthotho lwemifanekiso esibhozo ibonisa wonke lo msitho, ukusuka ekuveleni kwe-comet ukuya kwimpembelelo yayo yokugqibela
Ngaphandle kobungakanani bayo obucekeceke (malunga neesentimitha ezili-14 ububanzi), ithebhulethi ye-Sumerian Star Map ibonisa ubuchule beziganeko ngokwahlulahlula iziqwenga ezisibhozo okanye imifanekiso. Malunga nesiqingatha semibhalo ebhaliweyo yatshatyalaliswa ngokuhamba kwexesha, kodwa iinxalenye ezazishiyekile zisenokuguqulelwa kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji yangoku. Ngaphandle kobungakanani bayo obuncinci kunye nomgangatho, umenzi wethebhulethi wakwazi ukuhambisa inani elothusayo lolwazi malunga nokuqwalaselwa kunye nefuthe lazo.
5 | Kukho imizekeliso yamakroza kunye namagama awo anengqiqo kwiMaphu yeNkwenkwezi yaseSumerian
Nokuba sicinga ukuba singaphuhlanga kangakanani sicinga ukuba ookhokho bethu bakudala, kodwa inyani kukuba babenokuqonda okuphezulu kwesibhakabhaka ebusuku kunye neenkwenkwezi ezingaphaya kwengcinga zethu. Kukho imifanekiso yeenkwenkwezi kwi-Planisphere, kunye namagama abo kunye nalapho bahambelana khona nendlela ye-comet yokuhamba ngokuchanekileyo. Umfanekiso wesithathu, umzekelo, ubonisa ukuba i-comet yadlula kwi-Orion ngosuku lwe-9 lokubhiyozela.
6 | Isazi ngeenkwenkwezi samandulo sisebenzise imilinganiselo echanekileyo yeetrigonometrical
Isazi ngeenkwenkwezi samandulo sasinokuqonda okugqwesileyo kwe-trigonometry kwaye sakwazi ukurekhoda indlela yenqwelomoya, ixesha lokufika, kunye nomgama ohanjiweyo ukusuka kumzuzu wokuqala ukuvela esibhakabhakeni.
7 | Imifanekiso emihlanu yokuqala ichaza iintsuku ezingama-20 zokubhiyozelwa kweenkwenkwezi
Sele kukhankanyiwe ukuba ithebhulethi yahlulwe yangamacandelo asibhozo okanye imifanekiso, eboniswa ngendlela elandelelanayo. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba idatha eboniswe kulo myalelo, ukusuka kowokuqala ukuya kowesihlanu, ibandakanya ukujongwa ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala yokubona ngeenkwenkwezi kude kube sekupheleni kosuku lwama-20 ngaphambi kwempembelelo yosuku lwamashumi amabini ananye. Ke, inkanyezi enomsila iboniswa kwezi foto zintlanu ngelixa yayibonakala ngaphezulu komphezulu.
8 | Umfanekiso wesithandathu nowesixhenxe uchaza impembelelo kunye nomphumo wayo
Nangona umbonisanga engakhange alibone ifuthe kude kuba oko bekuya kuthetha ukuphela kobomi bakhe, uchaze ukukhanya kwesibhakabhaka esibhakabhakeni kunye nokunyuka okukhulu kwe-ash plume ngenxa yengozi, eyayibhalwe kwi ipilisi. Ukushwankathela, umfanekiso wesixhenxe uthimba zonke iziganeko ezenzeke ebusuku emva kokuwa kweemeteor. Ngaphaya kwesibhakabhaka, uthuthu olubomvu oluvuthayo kunye neentsika zothuli zinyukela kumphezulu wamanzi, zibonakala ebumnyameni.
9 | Umfanekiso wesibhozo, ongowokugqibela, ubandakanya ukubalwa kwendlela yokuhamba ye-comet
Isazi ngeenkwenkwezi samandulo asizange sikugqibezele oko sikubonayo de senze uqikelelo oluchanekileyo lwendlela yokuhamba yecomet ngaphambi kokuba ingqubane noMhlaba. Kwakungumhla wama-21 wokuqwalaselwa emva kokuba umfanekiso wesibhozo wenziwa emva kwempembelelo. Kukho izinto ezine eziqwalaselweyo ngenqwelomoya ye-comet ethathwe emini ngaphambi kwempembelelo eboniswe kulo mfanekiso. Ngokumangalisayo, lonke ulandelelwano lwedatha ebhalwe kwithebhulethi ingaphezulu kokumangalisa, ngakumbi xa kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba ingqokelela yonke yokuqwalaselwa yenziwa ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-5,200 XNUMX eyadlulayo.
10 | I-comet echazwe kwiMaphu yeNkwenkwezi yaseSumerian isenokuba yazisa isiphelo kwiimpucuko ezininzi zamandulo
Iimeteor zinoxanduva lokupheliswa kobomi eMhlabeni ngezihlandlo ezininzi kwimbali, kwaye izazinzulu zicinga ukuba le comet inokuba nefuthe elibalulekileyo kubomi bamandulo. Ngokukodwa, isixeko samandulo sase-Akkad, esingafumaneki ngabembi bezinto zakudala, sinokuthi sitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo sisiphumo se-comet. Nangona eyona ndawo sikuyo esi sixeko sisusela kwakudala ayisaziwa, nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba yatshatyalaliswa kuba yayikufutshane kakhulu kwindawo enefuthe. I-comet isule nje yonke into.
Ngaba iCwecwe i-K8535 ingaba yimpendulo kwi-landslide enkulu engaqondakaliyo e-Köfels?
Umhlaba omkhulu ogxunyekwe e-Köfels e-Austria ungama-500 eemitha ubukhulu kunye neekhilomitha ezintlanu ububanzi kwaye bekudala kuyimfihlakalo okoko kwaqala ukujongwa kuye ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Isiphetho esitsalwe kuphando phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 kukuba bekufanele ukuba kungenxa yempembelelo enkulu kakhulu yemeteor ngenxa yobungqina bokucinezelwa koxinzelelo kunye nokudubula.
Kodwa olu luvo luphulukene nenkoliseko njengokuqonda okungcono ngakumbi kweziza zempembelelo eziphuhliswe ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina obahlukileyo obhalwe kwi-Sumerian Planisphere K8535 ithebhulethi buzisa ithiyori yefuthe kwakhona. Akunjalo?
isiphelo
Icwecwe i-K8535 yikopi yase-Bhabhiloni esecaleni yecwecwe leenkwenkwezi laseSumer. Uxwebhu lwantlandlolo, oluthathwa njengolubaluleke kakhulu, lwakhutshelwa ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-2,500 XNUMX.
I-comet ebonwayo yadlula ePleiades, e-Aldebaran, yaqhubela phambili ukuya e-Orion kwaye ekugqibeleni yaya kungena kwimpucuko yezolimo esekwe phambili, e-Akkad naseSumer, ngo-3123 BC, itshabalalisa ubukhosi base-Akkadia kunye nekomkhulu layo iAgade.
Malunga ne-40% yethebhulethi ilahlekile. Ngethamsanqa, yonke indlela yendiza ye-comet igcinwe. Amacandelo aqhekekileyo ikakhulu ajongana nokuqwalaselwa okunxulumene nefuthe ngokwalo kunye nefuthe lasemva kwangoko, ukurekhoda okunokubonwa kwinqaba yokujonga, ejonge kwindawo yengozi. Ulwazi lwanele ukwakha ngokutsha inkqubela ye-comet kunye nenkqubo yokulandelelana kwempembelelo.
Iakhawunti yobungqina ye-K8538 kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo njengenxalenye yenani elikhulu lezililo "isixeko saseMesopotamiya", esixela ukuphela kwe-Akkad kunye neSumer ngesaqhwithi somoya omkhulu.
Ezi zikhalazo zaziphindaphindwa eqongeni esidlangalaleni ngaphezulu kwewaka leminyaka, zikhatshwa yimvelaphi yegubu. Isimbo sabo sesililo sabalahlekisa oonoosiyoloya abahlukeneyo bemihla ngemihla ukuba bacacise ukuba loo maxwebhu ayinto nje eyonwabisayo yeengoma kunye neentsomi, kwaye akuzange khe kubekho isivunguvungu esitshabalalisayo eSumer, ukutyeshela ukujongwa kwamakhulu amangqina embali.
Ithebhulethi yokujonga i-K8538 yenziwa sisilumkiso esingaziwayo sesayensi yeenkwenkwezi yaseSumeriya, eyayiqonda ukubaluleka kwembali yomsitho kwinqaba yayo yokujonga iinkwenkwezi yaza yagqiba ekubeni iwubhale. Ababhali uBond noHempsell bamnika igama elithi "uLugalansheigibar - indoda eyayibukele isibhakabhaka."
Ukuqwalaselwa kwakhe kwe-trigonometrical kungqina indlela ye-comet kunye nefuthe layo lomhlaba. Ngesi sizathu, i-K8538 ibigadwe, yabuyiselwa kwaye ikhutshelwa kule minyaka ingamawaka. Icwecwe libonisa inqanaba eliphezulu lenzululwazi kunye neenkwenkwezi zafikelela kwiminyaka engamawaka amane eyadlulayo.
Namhlanje, elona xabiso le-K8538 aligcini kuphela kwimbali. Ikwanexabiso elikhulu namhlanje kunye nekamva loluntu ngokunjalo, kuba ibambe kuyo uqwalaselo olwahlukileyo noluchanekileyo lokujonga i-asteroid yendalo eyintlekele, echaphazela uMhlaba.
