UPlato ubalise ibali le-Atlantis malunga ne-360 BC. Abaseki beAtlantis, wathi, yayinguthixo onesiqingatha kunye nesiqingatha somntu. Benze impucuko yabantu kwaye baba ligunya elikhulu lomkhosi waselwandle. Abantu baseAtlante baba ziinjineli eziqaqambileyo. Malunga neminyaka eyi-12,000 eyadlulayo bakha amabhotwe, iitempile, amazibuko, amazibuko kunye nenkqubo yamanzi enzima kakhulu.
Amafama ayelima ukutya kumhlaba omncinci nasemva kwentsimi, apho iintaba zazidibana nesibhakabhaka kulapho iAtlantean yayinamakhaya khona. UPlato wayechaze imithombo emikhulu yezakhiwo ngamanzi ashushu nabandayo abalekayo, iindonga zigutyungelwe ngamatye axabisekileyo kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyenziwe ngegolide. Namhlanje, iAtlantis ihlala ichazwa njengembumbulu-yimbali okanye yentsomi, kodwa ngaba kunjalo ngenene?
Imvelaphi yebali leAtlantis
Kwimisebenzi emibini emikhulu kaPlato, iTimaeus kunye neCritias, uPlato uchaza impucuko yaseAthene kwiingxoxo phakathi Iingqinisiso, Socrates, UTimayu kwaye IiHermocrates. UPlato's Critias ubalisa ngebali lobukumkani obunamandla besiqithi iAtlantis kunye nokuzama kwabo ukoyisa iAthene, engaphumelelanga ngenxa yoluntu olwaluyalelwe lwaseAthene.
I-Critias yeyesibini ye-trilogy eqikelelweyo yeengxoxo, ezandulelwa nguTimaeus zaza zalandelwa ziiHermocrates. Okokugqibela akunakuze kubhalwe kwaye iiCritias (Ingxoxo) zishiywe zingagqitywanga.
Indoda ekucingelwa ukuba kuqala yazisa ibali lika-Atlantis ukusuka e-Egypt ukuya eGrisi yayingu Solon, Umwisi-mthetho owaziwayo owayehlala eGrisi phakathi konyaka wama-630 nowama-560 BC. Ngokokutsho kukaPlato, uSolon ubalise eli bali kutatomkhulu kaCritias ebonakala kule ngxoxo, uDropides, owathi emva koko walibalisela unyana wakhe, owayekwabizwa ngokuba nguCritias notatomkhulu wamaCritias kwingxoxo. Abadala uCritias baphinde balibalisela umzukulwana wakhe ibali xa wayeneminyaka engama-90 kwaye iiCritias ezincinci zazili-10.
IsiXeko esilahlekileyo seAtlantis
NgokweCritias, iAtlantis yayisisixeko esikhulu saseAthene, esathi, ngesandla sabantu, sahlangana nentshabalalo yengozi malunga ne-9,600 BC, ngaphambi kukaPlato ngeminyaka engama-9,000. Ngemfundo katatomkhulu wakhe, uCritias waphinda walibalisa ibali leNkcubeko yaseAthene.
UCritias wathi utatomkhulu wakhe uSolon wayengumhambi ongumGrike kunye nembali evela e-Egypt, owayehlala kwaye enxibelelana nabefundisi abakhulu base-Egypt. Ukurekhodwa okuvela kuSolon emva koko kwanikwa uPlato nguCritias. Ngenxa yokuba imisebenzi kaPlato ithathwa njengeyinyani, uninzi lukholelwa ngamandla ukuba iAtlantis yayikhona ngenene.
Ngokutsho kweCritias, kumaxesha amandulo, umhlaba wahlulahlulwa phakathi koothixo ngesabelo. Oothixo babaphatha abantu kwizithili zabo njengabalusi abaphatha iigusha, bezalusa kwaye bezikhokela njengeenkuku kunye nempahla. Abakwenzanga oku ngokunyanzelwa, kodwa ngokweyisela. Ngezo ntsuku, imimandla ngoku eziqithi zaseGrisi yayiziinduli eziphakamileyo zigutyungelwe ngumhlaba olungileyo.
Ngenye imini, umkhukula wehlabathi Ulawulo weza walibetha ihlabathi. Umkhukula ngexesha likaDeucalion ubangelwe ngumsindo kaZeyus, otshiswe ziiPelasgi. Ke uZeus wagqiba kwelokuba ayiphelise iBronze Age. Ngokweli bali, uLycaon, ukumkani waseArcadia, wayenikele ngenkwenkwe kuZeus, owothuswa ngulo mnikelo.
UZeus wakhupha unogumbe, kangangokuba imilambo yahamba ngemilambo kwaye ulwandle lwazalisa ithafa eliselunxwemeni, lwagubungela iintaba ngefafazi, lwaza lwahlamba yonke into icocekile. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba kwakungekho mhlaba ugezwayo ezintabeni ukuze uthabathe indawo yomhlaba olahlekileyo, umhlaba owawukuloo mhlaba wahluthwa, wabangela ukuba uninzi lwendawo lutshone lungabonakali, kwaneziqithi ezasala zaba “ngamathambo omntu ofileyo. ”
IAthene, ngezo ntsuku, yayahluke kakhulu. Umhlaba wawutyebile kwaye amanzi aziswa evela kwimithombo engaphantsi komhlaba, eyathi kamva yatshatyalaliswa yinyikima. Uchaza impucuko yaseAthene ngelo xesha njengento efanelekileyo: ukulandela konke ukulunga, ukuhlala ngokumodareyitha, kunye nokugqwesa emsebenzini wabo.
Uqhubeka ke achaze imvelaphi yeAtlantis. Uthe iAtlantis yabelwa uPoseidon. U-Poseidon wathandana nentombazana efayo egama linguCleito - intombi ka-Evenor noLeucippe-kwaye wamzalela inani labantwana, owokuqala ogama linguAtlas, owazuza njengelifa ubukumkani wabudlulisela kwizibulo lakhe kwizizukulwana ezininzi.
I-Critias ke iya kwiinkcukacha ezininzi xa ichaza isiqithi sase-Atlantis kunye neTempile ePoseidon naseCleito kwesi siqithi, kwaye ibhekisa kwi-orichalcum yentsimbi. Yayintsimbi exabisekileyo etyheli eyaziwayo ngamaGrike namaRoma amandulo. Isinyithi sentsomi kwathiwa sixabiseke ngakumbi kunegolide.
Yintoni eyenze iAtlantis yanomdla kangaka ebantwini?
Ngokwoncwadi lwembali kaPlato, iAtlantis yayililizwe lezomkhosi elalilungelelanisiwe, elathi ekupheleni kobukumkani balo, lahlangana nentlekele enkulu yendalo ngexesha lokucwangciswa kokuhlaselwa kwe-Egypt.
Ngezolimo, ilizwe lase-Athene lalifundile kwaye liyakwazi ukwenza amayeza esintu kwizityalo. Izakhono zabo zokunkcenkceshela zazihambele phambili, njengoko babesakha imijelo emininzi yokunkcenkceshela amathafa abo kunye neefama. Ngenxa yobukrelekrele babo obuphakamileyo, amadama kunye nezakhiwo ezinjengeMetropolis zakhiwa, oomatshini abenziwe ngombane kunye neebhulorho zakhiwa, iziqwenga zoncwadi nemithetho yabhalwa; kwaye amaxesha amaninzi, izinto zabo zazityatyekwe ngobhedu, ubhedu okanye igolide.
Ngokusekwe kubukhosi kunye nodidi olucwangcisiweyo, impucuko yaseAtlantis ikwanesikhundla esibalulekileyo sabasetyhini. Ngokwembali bekucingelwa ukuba lelona likhulu kuzo zonke izizwe, u-Atlantis walawula wonke umhlaba ojikelezileyo ngemithetho yabo yobukhosi.
Ngaphandle kwempucuko ehambele phambili, iAtlantis yayililizwekazi elinobukhulu obukhulu, ngokukaPlato. Ngokwimilinganiselo yeCritias, iAtlantis yayiya kuba malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-7,820,000 ubukhulu - inkulu kunenye, izitya ezinkulu zolwandle. Iingxelo zeCritias ezithi ababingeleli base-Egypt baxelele ngeAtlantis ukuba ibekwe ngaphaya kweentsika zikaHercules-iStrarait yaseGibraltar. Kulapho uLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki kunye noLwandle lweMeditera bangenelela khona.
Namhlanje, bukhona ubungqina obunikiweyo obuchaza iindonga zangaphantsi kwamanzi kunye neendlela, kunye neseti yeziqithi ezifana neAtlantis kuLwandle lweCaribbean. Enye ithiyori inokwenzeka kukuba iAtlantis inokuphumla kuMbindi weAtlantic, enokuba ngaphantsi komhlaba weentaba. Ngelixa abanye abaphandi bekholelwa ukuba iAtlantis inokuba seAzores, eKrete okanye kwiiCanary Islands.
Ngelishwa, ngokwababingeleli base-Egypt, iAtlantis yayihlala ihlaselwa yinyikima eyintlekele kunye nezikhukula kude kube lusuku olunye xa ilizwekazi lonke latshona ngaphantsi kolwandle lanyamalala. Bakwacatshulwe besitsho apho iAtlantis yanyamalala khona, yaba yindawo elwandle engafikelelekiyo nengabonakaliyo. Ithiyori yokuntywila kweAtlantis yayikukuba uluntu lonakele, kangangokuba ngezandla zabo, bazenzela ukufa.
isiphelo
Ekugqibeleni, uAtlantis usikhumbuza ngamabali ebhayibhile eSodom noNowa. Ikwanxibelelana nokutshintsha kwelizwekazi kuyo yonke iminyaka yembali yomhlaba, kodwa ngaba nyhani uAtlantis wayekhona? Ubungqina, nokuba bukhona ngemeko ethile okanye uncwadi lwentanda-bulumko, inyani ishiyekile kukuba uPlato wabhala inyani yembali. Le nto ithethwayo, nguwuphi umyalezo uPlato awayezama ukuwudlulisela kwikamva loluntu?
Ukuqukumbela eli nqaku, ndikhumbula ikowuti evela kwiCritias, kuncwadi lukaPlato, “Zikho, kwaye ziya kubakho kwakhona, iintshabalalo ezininzi zoluntu ezivela ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi; awona makhulu aziswe zii-arhente zomlilo namanzi, kunye nezinye ezingabalulekanga ngenxa yezinye izizathu. ”
