Chiyambireni kuchiyambi kwa Zakachikwi zatsopano, dongosolo lachibadwa la moyo la munthu likufotokozedwa; koma ntchito ndi magwero a majini ambiri sizikudziŵikabe. Okayikira amawopa asayansi osakhulupirika omwe angapange "ana odabwitsa" omwe atha kuyitanidwa m'mabuku. Koma akatswiri odziwa za majini ali otsimikiza kuti chidziŵitsocho n’chokwanira kuti chisinthidwe m’mbiri ya zamankhwala. M’nthaŵi zakale anthu anagwirizanitsa chisinthiko cha moyo ndi “mtengo wa moyo.”
Koma kodi “mtengo wa moyo” nchiyani? M'malemba ambiri azikhalidwe zakale, zidalembedwa ndi milungu yomwe idalenga anthu ndi zolengedwa zina. Ndani anali milungu yopanga? Kodi nthano za zolengedwa zokongola, zolengedwa zamtchire ndi zolengedwa zopeka zimangotengera zokumana nazo zenizeni kapena zimangokhala nkhambakamwa chabe?
Genetic Disc: Kuzindikira kwachilengedwe kwanthawi yayitali?
Chida chojambulidwa chakale chopezeka ku South America ndichimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa komanso zodabwitsa kwambiri zakale. Zolembazi ndizopangidwa ndi miyala yakuda ndipo chimayeza pafupifupi masentimita 22 m'mimba mwake. Imalemera pafupifupi 2 kilogalamu. Pa disk, pali zojambula zomwe zimafotokoza chidziwitso chodabwitsa cha makolo athu. Katunduyu adayesedwa ku Museum of Natural History, Vienna, Austria. Sanapangidwe ndi zinthu zopangira ngati simenti koma ndi lydite, thanthwe lam'madzi lomwe limapangidwa munyanja yakuya. Chovalacho chidapezeka mdera la Colombia, ndipo chimatchedwa Genetic disc.
Diski, yotchedwa "Genetic Disc", idalembedwa nthawi isanachitike, asayansi akuganiza kuti chimbalecho chidapangidwa pafupifupi zaka 6000, ndikupatsidwa chikhalidwe cha Muisca. Dr. Vera MF Hammer, katswiri wamiyala yamtengo wapatali ndi mchere, adasanthula chinthu chodabwitsachi. Zizindikiro za disk ndizodabwitsa kwambiri. Mbali zonse ziwiri za disc zimaphimbidwa ndi mafano a kukula kwa mwana m'mimba magawo onse.
Kuphatikiza apo, zambiri pazokhudza chibadwa cha anthu zimamangidwa panja pa disc, Chodabwitsa ndikuti chidziwitsochi sichingawoneke ndi maso koma pansi pa microscope kapena chida china chapamwamba. Mulingo wapano wodziwa zaumunthu salola kuthekera koteroko, komwe kumapangitsa aura yachinsinsi momwe angapezere chidziwitso ndi chikhalidwe chomwe sichidakhale ndiukadaulo wopeza izi.
Chifukwa chake, izi zingadziwike bwanji zaka 6,000 zapitazo? Ndipo ndi chidziwitso china chiti chomwe chikadakhala ndi chitukuko chosadziwika chomwe chidapanga disc?
Zojambula zomwe zikutanthauzira gawo lina la mbiriyakale ya anthu
Pulofesa waku Colombiya, Jeime Gutierrez Lega, wakhala akusonkhanitsa zinthu zakale zosadziwika bwino kwazaka zambiri. Zambiri mwazinthu zomwe adazipeza zidapezeka pofufuza dera lomwe Sutatausa sangafikepo, m'chigawo cha Cundinamarca. Iwo ndi miyala yokhala ndi zithunzi za anthu ndi nyama ndi zizindikiro zosokoneza ndi zolembedwa m'chinenero chosadziwika.
Zowonetserako zazikulu za zomwe pulofesa adatolera ndi genetic (komanso embryonic) disc, mwazinthu zina, zopangidwa ndi ma lydites - mwala, woyamba kukumba ku Lydia, dziko lakale kumadzulo kwa Malaysia. Mwalawo ndi wofanana ndi granite pankhani ya kuuma, koma umapangitsanso dongosolo losanjikiza pamodzi ndi kuuma, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwira nawo ntchito.
Mwalawo umadziwikanso kuti darlingite, radiolarite, ndi basanite, ndipo uli ndi utoto wowala. Kuyambira kale, lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga miyala yamtengo wapatali. Koma kudula china kuchokera mmenemo kukadakhala kosatheka kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe anthu anali nazo zaka 6,000 zapitazo.
Vutoli limachokera pakapangidwe kake, chifukwa limadziphwanya pakakumana ndi ma incisors. Komabe, chibadwa chake chimapangidwa kuchokera ku mcherewu, ndipo zojambula zake zimafanana kwambiri ndi chosindikizira osati chosema. Zikuwoneka kuti mcherewo utathandizidwa, njira yomwe sitinadziwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chinsinsi chake chimakhalabe chinsinsi mpaka pano.
Misewu yapansi panthaka yomwe ili m'nkhalango zonse
Chinsinsi china ndi malo pomwe mwala udapezeka. Pulofesa Lega adapeza m'manja mwa nzika yakomweko, yemwe adati adapeza chimbalecho mwalawo ndizolemba kwinakwake mumzinda wa Sutatausa. Komabe, ofufuza ena (mwachitsanzo wolemba nthano yakale ya Astronauts, Erich von Däniken) amakhulupirira kuti chimbalechi chitha kukhala kuchokera pagulu losawerengeka la Abambo Carlos Crespi - m'mishonale yemwe adagwira ntchito ku Ecuador pakati pa zaka za zana la 20. Bambo Crespi adagula zinthu zakale kuchokera kwa nzika zakomweko, zomwe adazipeza m'minda kapena m'nkhalango - kuchokera kuzowumba za Inca mpaka miyala.
Wansembeyo sanagawe zosonkhanitsa zake, koma zimadziwika kuti panali zinthu zomwe sizinali zokhudzana ndi zikhalidwe zakale zodziwika ku South America. Makamaka, izi zinali zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera kuzitsulo zosiyanasiyana, komanso panali mabwalo amiyala ndi mapiritsi okutidwa ndi zolemba ndi zojambula.
Pambuyo pa imfa ya wansembe zina zamtengo wapatali kuchokera pazomwe adatolera zidaperekedwa ku Vatican, ndipo zina zidangotayidwa. Malinga ndi a Crespi, nzika zakomweko zidapeza mapiritsi okutidwa pafupi ndi mzinda wa Ecuadorian ku Cuenca - ngalande zapansi panthaka ndi zipinda zopezeka m'nkhalango zonse. Wansembeyo adatinso kuti panali makina akale obisika pansi pa nthaka, otalika makilomita 200, kuchokera ku Cuenca mpaka kunkhalango. Kodi sizingatheke kuti genetic disc ingakhale yogwirizana ndi anthu omwe amapanga zomangamanga izi?
Zithunzi zodabwitsa pamiyala yamiyala
Zithunzi zomwe zili pa disc zimayambitsanso mafunso ambiri. Njira yonse yoyambira kwa moyo wamunthu ikuwonetsedwa pakazungulidwe ka mbali zonsezo molondola kwambiri - cholinga cha ziwalo zoberekera zamwamuna ndi mkazi, mphindi yakubadwa, kukula kwa mwana wosabadwa m'mimba ndi kubadwa kwa mwana.
Kudzanja lamanzere la disc (ngati tingalingalire bwalolo ngati kuyimba kwa wotchi - komwe kuli 11 koloko) kujambula bwino kwa umuna wopanda ma spermatozoids komanso pafupi nawo - umodzi wokhala ndi ma spermatozoids (wolemba mwina amafuna kufotokoza kubadwa kwa mbewu yamwamuna).
Za mbiri - ma spermatozoid sanapezeke mpaka 1677 ndi Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ndi wophunzira wake. Monga momwe tikudziwira, mwambowu udayambika ndikupanga microscope. Koma zithunzi pa disc zimatsimikizira kuti panali kukhalapo kwa chidziwitso choterocho nthawi zakale.
Ndipo pakakhala 1 koloko, ma spermatozoid angapo opangidwa amatha kuwona. Pafupi ndi icho pali chithunzi chododometsa - asayansi sanapezebe tanthauzo la tanthauzo lake. Pafupifupi 3 koloko pali zithunzi za bambo, mkazi, ndi mwana.
Mwana wosabadwa m'magulu angapo amakulidwe, omwe amathera pakupanga mwana, amawonetsedwa pamwambamwamba mbali inayo ya disc. Chojambulacho chikuwonetsa kusinthika kwa moyo wa m'mimba. Ndipo m'chigawo cha 6 koloko, mwamuna ndi mkazi akuwonetsedwanso. Kafukufuku adatsimikiza kuti pali zowonetseratu za magawo oyambira kukula kwa mwana wosabadwa, ndipo amatha kuzindikirika mosavuta.
Mawu omaliza
Pali mafunso ambiri okhudza "Genetic Disc" tisanafike pomaliza kunena za chojambulacho. Pakadali pano, palibe amene angafotokoze mtundu wa matekinoloje omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chinthuchi ndi zomwe zidawalimbikitsa kuti apange izi. Kuchokera ku maphunziro ndi zopezeka zonse titha kungoganiza kuti ndi zachikhalidwe chosadziwika komanso chanzeru kwambiri cham'mbuyomu. Khulupirirani kapena ayi!
