Ebers Papyrus ndi mbiri yachipatala yochokera ku Egypt wakale yomwe imapereka chithandizo choposa 842 cha matenda ndi ngozi. Amayang'ana kwambiri pamtima, momwe amapumira, komanso matenda ashuga makamaka.
Papyrus ndi pafupifupi mamita 68 m'litali ndi mainchesi 21 (12 sentimita) mulifupi. Tsopano ili mu Laibulale ya Yunivesite ya Leipzig ku Germany. Wagawidwa mizere 30. Amadziwika ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la a Egyptologist a Georg Ebers ndipo akuganiza kuti adapangidwa pakati pa 22 ndi 1550 BC nthawi ya ulamuliro wa mfumu ya ku Egypt Amenopis I.
Ebers Papyrus amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazolemba zakale kwambiri komanso zomveka bwino ku Egypt. Zimapereka chithunzithunzi chokongola pamankhwala akale achi Egypt ndikuwonetsa kuphatikiza kwa asayansi (otchedwa njira yanzeru) ndi zamatsenga-zachipembedzo (zotchedwa njira zopanda nzeru). Afufuza kwambiri ndikumasuliranso pafupifupi kasanu, ndipo amadziwika ndikuwunikira kwambiri zikhalidwe zaku Egypt zaka pakati pa 14th ndi 16th BC.
Ngakhale kuti Ebers Papyrus ili ndi chidziwitso chambiri cha zamankhwala, pali umboni wochepa chabe momwe zidapezedwera. Poyamba ankadziwika kuti Assasif Medical Papyrus ya Thebes asanagulidwe ndi a Georg Ebers. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa momwe zidapezekera m'manja mwa a Geog Ebers monga momwe zimakhalira kuphunzira zamankhwala ndi zamankhwala zomwe zimakambirana.
Nthano & mbiri ya Ebers Papyrus
Malinga ndi nthano, a Georg Ebers ndi wothandizira wake wachuma Herr Gunther adalowa m'sitolo yosonkhanitsa yosowa yomwe amayendetsa Edwin Smith ku Luxor (Thebes) mu 1872. Gulu la Egyptology lidamva kuti adalandira Assasif Medical Papyrus modabwitsa.
Ebers ndi Gunther atafika, adafunsa zomwe a Smith akuti. Gumbwa wazachipatala wokutidwa ndi nsalu zam'mayi adapatsidwa ndi Smith. Anatinso zidapezeka pakati pa miyendo ya amayi mu Theban necropolis 'El-Assasif District. Popanda kuwonjezerapo zina, a Ebers ndi Gunther adagula gumbwa lazachipatala ndipo mu 1875, adalisindikiza pansi pa dzina loti Facsimile.
Ngakhale kukayikira ngati gumbwa lazachipatala la Ebers lidalidi loona kapena lachinyengo, chowonadi ndichakuti a Georgia Ebers adapeza gumbwa la Assasif ndipo adalemba chimodzi mwazolemba zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yakale.
Gumbwa lazachipatala lidapangidwa ndi a Ebers potulutsa zithunzi za mitundu iwiri, yomalizidwa ndi hieroglyphic English mpaka Latin. Matembenuzidwe achijeremani a Joachim adatulutsidwa atangotulutsidwa mu 1890, ndikutsatiridwa kwa H. Wreszinski pamasamba achi hieroglyphics mu 1917.
Mabaibulo ena anayi a Chingerezi a Ebers Papyrus anamalizidwa: loyamba ndi Carl Von Klein mu 1905, lachiwiri ndi Cyril P. Byron mu 1930, lachitatu ndi Bendiz Ebbel mu 1937, ndipo lachinayi ndi dokotala ndi katswiri Paul Ghalioungui. Kope la Ghalioungui lidakali matanthauzidwe apamwamba kwambiri amakedzana a gumbwa. Imanenanso kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pa Ebers Papyrus.
Ngakhale adayesayesa kutanthauzira molondola Ebers Papyrus, gumbwa limapitilizabe kuthana ndi akatswiri odziwa zambiri ku Egypt. Machiritso ambiri apezeka kuchokera pazomwe zamasuliridwa mzaka 200 zapitazi, zomwe zikuwunikira chitukuko cha Aigupto wakale.
Papepala la Ebers: Taphunzira chiyani?
Monga tanenera kale, dziko lazachipatala ku Aigupto lidagawika m'magulu awiri: "njira zomveka," zomwe zinali zamankhwala potengera zomwe asayansi amakono, ndi "njira zopanda nzeru," zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zikhulupiriro zamatsenga zachipembedzo zokhala ndi zithumwa, zamatsenga, ndi zilembo zolembera anthu akale Milungu ya Aiguputo. Kupatula apo, panali kulumikizana kwakukulu panthawiyo pakati pa matsenga, chipembedzo, ndi thanzi lazachipatala ngati chidziwitso chonse. Panalibe chinthu chonga matenda a bakiteriya kapena ma virus; mkwiyo wa milungu yokha.
Ngakhale kuti Ebers Papyrus idalembedwa m'zaka za zana la 16 BC (1550-1536 BC), umboni wazilankhulo ukuwonetsa kuti zolembedwazo zidatengedwa kuchokera kumabuku akale kuyambira m'mbiri ya 12 ya Egypt. (Kuyambira 1995 mpaka 1775 BC). Ebers Papyrus idalembedwa mwachidule, chidule cha hieroglyphics. Ili ndi ma rubriki 877 (mitu yamagawo) mu inki yofiira, yotsatiridwa ndi mawu akuda.
Ebers Papyrus ili ndi mizati 108 yokhala ndi 1-110. Mzere uliwonse uli ndi mizere pakati pa 20 ndi 22 yolemba. Zolembedwazo zimamaliza ndi kalendala yosonyeza kuti idalembedwa mchaka cha 1536th cha Amenophis I, kutanthauza kuti idapangidwa mu XNUMX BC.
Lili ndi chidziwitso chambiri chokhudza ma anatomy ndi physiology, poizoni, zamatsenga, komanso kasamalidwe ka matenda ashuga. Zina mwazithandizo zomwe zili m'bukuli ndi zochizira matenda obwera chifukwa cha nyama, zonyansa zam'mimba, ndi ziphe zamchere.
Zambiri mwa gumbwa zimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha tizilombo, mafuta odzola, ndi mankhwala ena azachipatala. Ili ndi masamba 842 azamankhwala ndi mankhwala omwe atha kuphatikizidwa kuti apange zosakaniza 328 zamatenda osiyanasiyana. Palibe, komabe, palibe umboni wotsimikizira kuti zosakanizazi zidawunikidwa kale asanalandire mankhwala. Ena amakhulupirira kuti zoteterazo zidalimbikitsidwa ndi mayanjano ena ndi milungu.
Malinga ndi umboni wamabwinja, mbiri yakale, komanso zamankhwala, madokotala akale aku Egypt anali ndi chidziwitso komanso kuthekera kochitira odwala awo mwanzeru (chithandizo chotsatira mfundo zasayansi zamakono). Komabe, kufunafuna kuphatikiza miyambo yachipembedzo cha magico (njira zopanda nzeru) mwina ndichikhalidwe. Ngati ntchito zothandizazo zalephera, madokotala akale amatha kutembenukira kuzinthu zauzimu kuti afotokozere chifukwa chomwe chithandizo sichikugwira ntchito. Chitsanzo chimodzi chingapezeke mukutanthauzira kwamatsenga ozizira ozizira:
“Tuluka, mphuno yotuluka, tuluka, mwana wa mphuno! Choka, iwe wosweka mafupa, thyola chigaza ndi kudwalitsa mabowo asanu ndi awiriwo! ” (Ebers Papyrus, mzere 763)
Aigupto wakale amatchera khutu mtima komanso dongosolo lamtima. Iwo amaganiza kuti mtima ndi womwe umayang'anira ndikuwongolera madzi amthupi ngati magazi, misonzi, mkodzo, ndi umuna. Ebers Papyrus ili ndi gawo lalikulu lotchedwa "buku la mitima" lomwe limafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za kupezeka kwa magazi ndi mitsempha yomwe imagwirizana ndi gawo lililonse la thupi la munthu. Ikufotokozanso zamavuto amisala monga kukhumudwa ndi matenda amisala ndizofunikira zoyipa zokhala ndi mtima wofooka.
The gumbwa Mulinso mitu yokhudza gastritis, kuzindikira kwa mimba, matenda achikazi, kulera, tiziromboti, mavuto amaso, zovuta pakhungu, kuchitira opareshoni ya zotupa zoyipa, ndi mafupa.
Pali gawo limodzi lachidule pofotokozera papyrus za matenda ena omwe akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira ndizofotokozera momwe angadziwire matenda ashuga. Mwachitsanzo, a Bendix Ebbell, adawona kuti Rubric 197 ya Ebers Papyrus ikufanana ndi zizindikilo za matenda ashuga. Kumasulira kwake kwa mawu a Ebers ndi motere:
“Mukayang'ana munthu wodwala (mkati) wa thupi lake (ndipo) ngati thupi lake lafooka ndi matenda kumapeto kwake; ngati simumamufufuza ndipo mupeza matenda (m'thupi mwake kupatula nthiti zake zomwe mamembala ake ali ngati piritsi muyenera kuwerengetsa -matsenga- matenda mnyumba mwanu; mukhozenso kukonzekera mankhwala opangira mankhwalawa: mwazi wamagazi wa Elephantine, nthaka; njere zofiira; Rubric No. 197, Column 39, Line 7).
Ngakhale zigawo zina za Ebers Papyrus zimawerengedwa ngati ndakatulo zosamveka nthawi zina, zimaimikiranso zoyesayesa zoyambirira zakuwunika zomwe zikufanana ndi zomwe zimapezeka m'mabuku azachipatala amakono. Ebers Papyrus, monga ena ambiri mipukutu, sayenera kunyalanyazidwa monga mapemphero ongopeka, koma monga chitsogozo chothandiza kwa anthu akale achiigupto komanso nthawi. Munthawi yomwe mavuto amtundu wa anthu amawonedwa kuti amayambitsidwa ndi milungu, mabukuwa anali mankhwala ochizira matenda ndi kuvulala.
Ebers Papyrus imapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pakudziwa kwathu kwatsopano za moyo wakale waku Aigupto. Popanda Ebers Papyrus ndi zolemba zina, asayansi ndi olemba mbiri amangokhala ndi mitembo, zaluso, ndi manda zoti agwire nawo ntchito. Zinthu izi zitha kuthandizira pakuwona, koma popanda zolembedwa zilizonse kudziko lapansi zamankhwala awo, sipangakhale tanthauzo lililonse pofotokozera dziko lakale lachiigupto. Komabe, akukayikirabe za pepalalo.
Kukayika
Popeza kuyesayesa kambiri kutanthauzira Ebers Papyrus kuyambira pomwe idapezeka, kwakhala kukuganiziridwa kwanthawi yayitali kuti ambiri amawu ake sanamvedwe chifukwa chodana ndi womasulira aliyense.
Ebers Papyrus, malinga ndi Rosalie David, wamkulu wa malo a KNH a Egyptology ku University of Manchester, atha kukhala opanda ntchito. Rosalie adanena mu pepala lake la 2008 Lancet kuti kafukufuku Zolemba zakale za ku Egypt anali gwero loletsedwa komanso lovuta chifukwa chachigawo chochepa kwambiri chantchito chomwe chimaganiziridwa kuti chimakhala chokhazikika mzaka zonse za chitukuko cha 3,000.
David akupitiliza kunena kuti omasulira apano athana ndi chilankhulo chomwe chili m'mapepala. Amanenanso kuti kuzindikira kwa mawu ndi matanthauzidwe omwe amapezeka m'malemba amodzi nthawi zambiri amatsutsana ndi zolemba zomwe zidamasuliridwa m'malemba ena.
Kutanthauzira, momwe iye akuwonera, kuyenera kukhalabe kofufuzira ndipo sikuyenera kumalizidwa. Chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe Rosalie David adatchula, akatswiri ambiri adayang'ana kwambiri posanthula mafupa amitembo ya anthu.
Komabe, kufufuzidwa kwa ma anatomiki ndi ma radiology pa mitembo ya Aigupto kwawonetsa umboni wina wosonyeza kuti akatswiri azachipatala aku Egypt anali aluso kwambiri. Mayeserowa adawonetsa kukomoka ndi kudula ziwalo, kutsimikizira kuti madokotala akale a ku Egypt anali ndi luso pakuchita opaleshoni ndikudula ziwalo. Zapezekanso kuti Aigupto akale anali aluso pakupanga zazikulu zala zakumbuyo.
Zoyeserera zam'mayi, mafupa, tsitsi, ndi mano zidasanthulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito histology, immunocytochemistry, enzyme-yolumikizana ndi immunosorbent assay, ndikuwunika kwa DNA. Mayeserowa adathandizidwa kuzindikira matenda omwe amakumana ndi omwe ali mumtembo. Matenda ena omwe amapezeka m'matumba ofukulidwa amathandizidwa ndi mankhwala omwe adatchulidwa m'mipukutu yazachipatala, kuwonetsa kuti mankhwala ena, ngati si onse, omwe adalembedwa m'mabuku monga Ebers Papyrus mwina anali opambana.
Zolemba pamanja zamankhwala, monga Ebers Papyrus, zimapereka umboni wazomwe zolemba zamankhwala ndi asayansi aku Egypt zidachokera. Monga Veronica M. Pagan akunenera mu nkhani yake ya World Neurosurgery:
“Mipukutuyi ankagwiritsa ntchito kufalitsa nkhani kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo, mwina ankakhalabe nayo pankhondo ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Ngakhale ndi mipukutu yodabwitsayi, ndizotheka kuti pamlingo winawake, chidziwitso cha zamankhwala chidafalikira kuchokera kwa mbuye mpaka wophunzira ”(Wachikunja, 2011)
Kupitiliza kuunikanso za Ebers Papyrus, komanso zina zambiri zomwe zilipo, zimathandiza ophunzira kuwona kulumikizana pakati pa zauzimu ndi zasayansi pazidziwitso zamankhwala zoyambirira ku Aigupto. Zimathandizira kuti munthu amvetsetse kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso cha sayansi chomwe chimadziwika m'mbuyomu komanso chomwe chakhala chikupezeka m'mibadwo yambiri. Zingakhale zophweka kunyalanyaza zakale ndikukhulupirira kuti zonse zatsopano zidapangidwa mzaka za makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, koma sizingakhale choncho.
Mawu omaliza
Rosalie David, kumbali inayo, amalimbikitsa kuti afufuze zambiri ndipo amakayikira mipukutuyo ndi kuthekera kwawo kochiritsa. Ndiosavuta kwambiri kwa anthu masiku ano kunyalanyaza chithandizo chamankhwala chakale. Kupita patsogolo komwe kwachitika kwapita patsogolo mpaka pomwe matenda oopsa kwambiri ndipo masautso ali kumapeto kwakutha. Kusintha uku, komano, kumangodabwitsidwa ndi iwo omwe amakhala mzaka za makumi awiri mphambu chimodzi. Talingalirani zomwe munthu wazaka za zana la 45 angaganize zamachitidwe amakono.
Kupatula apo, zidzakhala zosangalatsa kuwona ngati njira zamankhwala zamasiku ano azungu ziziwonedwa ngati:
“Msanganizo wamachiritso achikhalidwe ndi malingaliro omwe adapangidwa kuti athetse matenda omwe amayenda mosiyana pakati pa milungu yawo ya milungu yambiri ndi mulungu wosaoneka wodziwika kuti 'sayansi.' Zikanakhala kuti anthuwa akanadziwa kuti nthenda ya pakhosi ndi zakumapeto zinali ziwalo zofunika kwambiri, akanakhala kuti sanatchulidwe n'komwe m'zaka za m'ma 21 zino. ”
Malingaliro omwe ife masiku ano tingawaone ngati opusa komanso onyansa, koma omwe makolo athu angawone ngati ovomerezeka m'mbiri komanso zakale. Mwina nkhani ikufunika pa Aigupto akale mwa ichi. Milungu yakale ndi njira zawo zochiritsira zinali zenizeni mdziko lawo.
