Phazi la Njovu - "chilombo" chomwe chimafalitsa imfa ngakhale masiku ano chimabisika m'matumbo a Chernobyl. Uli ndi matani pafupifupi 200 a mafuta ndi zinyalala za nyukiliya zomwe zidawotchedwa ndikupangidwa kukhala mawonekedwe okumbukira "phazi la njovu." Kuchulukaku kumakhalabe kwa radioactive ndipo asayansi sangathe kufikako.
Chernobyl, dzina la tawuni yomwe panthawiyo inali Soviet Union kapena Ukraine wapano yomwe imakumbukiridwa ngati malo owopsa, pokhala gawo lamdima kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu.
Tsoka la Chernobyl:
Unali usiku wa Epulo 26, 1986, pomwe makina achinayi adaphulika pamalo opangira zida za nyukiliya m'tawuni ya Chernobyl. Patangopita mphindi zochepa, idasandukira malo owopsa a zida za nyukiliya omwe adayambitsa ma radioactic ku Russia, Ukraine ngakhale Belarus.
Kuphulikako kunali kowirikiza 500 kuposa kuphulika kwa mabomba a atomiki ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki. Malinga ndi maakaunti, anthu 31 adamwalira pa ngoziyi ndipo anthu pafupifupi 30,000 mpaka 80,000 adamwalira ndi khansa nthawi zingapo. Pafupifupi anthu 1 miliyoni adasamutsidwa pomwepo ndipo tawuniyi idasiyidwa kotheratu. Popeza ngoziyi idachitika, Chernobyl adalengezedwa kuti ndi malo osakhalamo anthu kwa zaka 3000 zotsatira. Mpaka pano, anthu opitilira 7 miliyoni adakhudzidwa ndi ma radiation ngati ngozi ya Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster.
Masoka a Chernobyl akuti adayambitsidwa ndi zolakwika za anthu - makina olakwika omwe amapangidwa ndi anthu osaphunzitsidwa bwino. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za Tsoka la Chernobyl ndi momwe ziliri, werengani izi nkhani.
Phazi la Njovu:
Phazi la Njovu ndi unyinji wa Corium wopangidwa pakagwa tsoka ku Chernobyl. Idapezeka koyamba mu Disembala 1986, pafupifupi miyezi eyiti ngozi ya nyukiliya itachitika.
Chinthucho chimakhala ndi khungwa lofanana ndi khungwa lomwe limapinda m'magawo angapo ndipo limakhala ndi mtundu wakuda chifukwa lili ndi graphite. Dzinalo lodziwika bwino "Phazi la Njovu" limachokera ku mawonekedwe ake makwinya ndi mawonekedwe, ofanana ndi phazi la njovu. Phazi la Njovu lili pamsewu wofalitsa nthunzi wa chomera cha nyukiliya cha Chernobyl, mita 6 pamwamba panthaka, pansi pamtengowo nambala 4 pansi pa chipinda chamagetsi 217.
Kapangidwe ka Phazi la Njovu:
Phazi la Njovu limakhala misa ya Corium - chofanana ndi chiphalaphala mafuta a nyukiliya zokhala ndi zinthu zopangidwa pachimake pa zida za nyukiliya pangozi yakusungunuka. Corium imadziwikanso kuti mafuta omwe amakhala ndi mafuta (FCM) kapena mafuta okhala ndi chiphalaphala (LFCM). Zimakhala ndi mafuta osakanikirana ndi nyukiliya, zotsekemera, ndodo zowongolera, zida zopangira zida zamagetsi ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapangidwa ndimankhwala monga nthunzi, madzi, mpweya ndi zina zambiri.
Phazi la Njovu limapangidwa ndi silicon dioxide yomwe ndi mchenga ndi magalasi, okhala ndi uranium (2-10%). Nyimbo zina kupatula silicon dioxide ndi uranium zimaphatikizapo titaniyamu, magnesium, zirconium, graphite ya nyukiliya, ndi zina zambiri.
Nuclear graphite nthawi zambiri imakhala mtundu uliwonse wa graphite woyela kwambiri womwe umapangidwa kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito ngati woyang'anira neutron kapena wonyezimira wa neutron muzitsulo za zida za nyukiliya. Graphite ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mu zida za nyukiliya, chifukwa choyera kwambiri komanso kuthana ndi kutentha kwambiri. Kuyera kwambiri ndikofunikira kuti tipewe kuyamwa kwa ma neutroni otsika mphamvu ndikupanga zinthu zosafunikira zama radio.
Kuchulukitsitsa kwa Phazi la Njovu ngati chinthu chinali chokwera kwambiri, ndipo kunali kovuta kuvomereza kubowola kwazitsanzo zomwe zinali pa loboti yakutali, kotero kuti sniper adayitanidwapo ndikuwombera ndi Kalashnikov mfuti kuchokera patali. Gawolo linawonongedwa ndipo chitsanzo chinasonkhanitsidwa kuti chifufuzidwe.
Unyinji umakhala wofanana kwambiri, ngakhale magalasi osungunuka osungunuka nthawi zina amakhala ndi mbewu za crystalline za zircon. Mbeu za zircon sizitalikirana, kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa crystallization. Pomwe ma uranium dioxide dendrites adakula mwachangu kutentha kwa chiphalaphalacho, zircon idayamba kuwundana pakamazizira pang'onopang'ono.
Ngakhale kufalitsa kwa uranium tinthu tating'onoting'ono sikofanana, ma radioactivity a misa amagawidwa chimodzimodzi. Pa ngoziyi, konkire pansi pa makina 4 anali otentha kwambiri, ndipo adaswa ndi chiphalaphala cholimba komanso mawonekedwe osadziwika osadziwika otchedwa "ziphuphu".
Pofika mu June 1998, mbali zakunja za Phazi la Njovu zinayamba kuphwanyika ndikusanduka fumbi ndipo unyinji wonsewo unayamba kung'ambika.
Kufa kwa Phazi la Njovu:
Pankhani yakupha, Phazi la Njovu limawerengedwa kuti ndi loopsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi mpaka pano. Pomwe idatulukira, ma radioactivity pafupi ndi Phazi la Njovu anali pafupifupi 8,000 roentgens, kapena ma grays 80 pa ola limodzi, ndikupereka muyeso wakupha wa 4.5 grays m'masekondi ochepera 300.
Kuyambira pamenepo, mphamvu ya radiation yatsika mokwanira kotero kuti, mu 1996, Phazi la Njovu lidawonedwa ndi wachiwiri kwa director Pulojekiti Yatsopano Yopangidwira, Artur Korneyev yemwe anajambula zithunzi pogwiritsa ntchito kamera yodziwikiratu komanso tochi kuti awunikire chipinda chamdima chomwecho. Ngakhale lero, Phazi la Njovu limatulutsa kutentha ndi kufa, ngakhale mphamvu yake yafooka. Korneyev adalowa mchipinda chino koposa wina aliyense. Chozizwitsa, adakali ndi moyo.
Phazi la Njovu lidalowamo konkire osachepera 2 mita kuchokera pomwe lidalipo. Panali nkhawa kuti mankhwalawa apitilizabe kulowa pansi panthaka ndikukumana ndi madzi apansi panthaka, motero kuipitsa madzi akumwa amderalo ndikupangitsa matenda ndi imfa. Komabe, mpaka 2020, misa sinasunthirenso zambiri kuyambira pomwe idapezeka ndipo akuti akungotentha pang'ono kuposa chilengedwe chake chifukwa cha kutentha kotulutsidwa ndikuwonongeka kwapazinthu zake zowononga radioactive - njirayi imadziwika kuti kuwola kwa radioactive.
Kodi Kuwonongeka Kwama radiation Ndi Chiyani?
Kuwonongeka kwa radioactive ndi njira yomwe gawo losakhazikika la atomiki limataya mphamvu ndi radiation. Chida chokhala ndi mtima wosakhazikika chimawerengedwa kuti ndi wailesi. Mitundu itatu yovunda kwambiri ndi kuwola kwa Alpha, kuwonongeka kwa Beta, ndikuwonongeka kwa Gamma, zonse zomwe zimaphatikizapo kutulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena ma photon.
Kodi Kutentha Kumachita Chiyani Kwa Thupi La Anthu?
Sikuti machitidwe onse a radioactive ndi ofanana. Zinthu zochulukirapo zowononga ma radio zikafika m'thupi kapena kukhudza, titha kukumana ndi mavuto amthupi komanso amisala. Magetsi a radiation amakhudzana ndi anthu kuwononga maselo amoyo kapena kuyambitsa mawonekedwe osadziwika m'maselo. Mawa a Alpha ndi Beta amatengera mbali zakunja kwa thupi lathu, pomwe Gamma-ray imapanga kupindika m'maselo kuphatikiza ziwalo zazing'ono zamkati mwa thupi lathu.
DNA yathu imasungidwa m'ma chromosomes a selo lathu - mapaketi amitundu yonse ya mabiliyoni amtunduwu, motsatizana modabwitsa. Dongosolo ili limakhala ndi chidziwitso chenicheni cha chiyani, liti, pati kapena momwe tingachitire chinthu china m'thupi lathu. Koma cheza cha Gamma chitha kuthyola unyolo, kuwononga kapena kusintha malumikizidwe omwe agwirizira DNA pamodzi. Itha kumatha kukhala ndi khungu la khansa mthupi lathu lomwe limangobwereza mobwerezabwereza mosayembekezereka.
Kuchepetsa ma radiation pang'ono koma kukhala nthawi yayitali kumatha kuvulaza anthu. Kuchuluka kwa radiation ndikokwera pang'ono, koma mwina sikungakhale kovulaza anthu chifukwa chokhala kwakanthawi. Chiwopsezo chokhala ndi khansa ndi khansa ya m'magazi ndichokwera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ma radiation. Kuphatikiza apo, radioactivity imathandizanso pamavuto akuthupi ndi amisala a akhanda ndi ana. Kudya kwa thupi lathu laumunthu kwamayendedwe osiyanasiyana mu tsiku limodzi kwadzetsa mayankho ambiri. Ngakhale zimasiyanasiyana kutengera luso lakuthupi, mindandanda iwiri yotsatirayi imatha kutengedwa kuti igwirizane ndi malingaliro ngati ambiri.
Zomwe Zimachitika Thupi Lathu Titha Kutenga Mlingo Wosakanikirana Ndi Tsiku Limodzi:
- Mzere 0 - 0.25 Sv (0 - 250 mSv): Wotetezeka kotheratu, palibe amene ati adzakhale ndi mavuto akuthupi kapena kwamaganizidwe.
- Mulingo wa 0.25 - 1 Sv (250 - 1000 mSv): Anthu omwe ali ofooka mwakuthupi adzadzimbidwa, kunyansidwa, kusowa chilakolako chofuna kudya. Ena amatha kumva kupweteka kapena kukhumudwa ndikumafooka m'mafupa kapena ma lymph-gland kapena ziwalo zina zamthupi.
- Level 1 - 3 Sv (1000 - 3000 mSv): Nausea, kusowa kwa njala ndichofala, zotupa zimachitika pakhungu lonse la thupi. Kumva kupweteka, kukhumudwa komanso zovuta zina m'mafupa kapena ma lymph-gland kapena ziwalo za thupi zimawonedwa. Chithandizo choyenera pakapita nthawi chitha kuchiritsa pafupifupi mavuto onsewa.
- Mulingo wa 3 - 6 Sv (3000 - 6000 mSv): Kudzakhala kusanza pafupipafupi komanso kusowa kwa njala. Kutuluka magazi, zotupa, kutsegula m'mimba, matenda osiyanasiyana akhungu ndi mabala otentha amachitika. Imfa imapewa ngati singachiritsidwe mwachangu.
- Level 6 - 10 Sv (6000 - 10000 mSv): Zizindikiro zonse zomwe zatchulidwazi zidzawonekera komanso dongosolo lamanjenje lidzawonongeka. Mpata wakufa uli pafupi 70-90%. Wodwalayo amatha kufa m'masiku ochepa.
- Mzere wa 10 Sv (10000 mSv): Imfa ndiyosapeweka.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri zomwe zimachitika ndi woopsa wakupha ndi radiation adawerengapo Hisashi Ouchi.
Kutsiliza:
Ngakhale sizingatheke kudziwa kuchuluka kovulaza kwambiri kwa radioactivity, mulingo wotetezeka wa radiation ya anthu umawerengedwa kuti ndi 1 millisievert (mSv). Ma radiation a nyukiliya amawerengedwa kuti ndi temberero lalikulu ku miyoyo ya anthu. Kuwononga kwake kumawonekeranso mbadwo mpaka mbadwo wa zomera, nyama ndi anthu. Mphamvu ya kuwulutsa kotereku kumatha kubweretsa kubadwa kwa ana omwe ali ndi vuto la majini ndi kusintha kosamvetseka. Chifukwa chake, kuwonongeka kwa ma radioactive kumawopseza chitukuko cha anthu komanso nyama zamtchire.
