Kutentha kotentha ku Arctic kukuchititsa kuti chisanu cha m'derali chisungunuke - dothi lachisanu pansi pa dziko lapansi - komanso kutsitsimutsa ma virus omwe akhala akugona kwa zaka masauzande ambiri.
pamene mliri woyambitsidwa ndi matenda akale kwambiri ukuwoneka ngati maziko a filimu yongopeka ya sayansi, asayansi amachenjeza kuti zoopsa, zazing'ono chabe, ndizochepa. Panthawi ya mvula, zinyalala za mankhwala ndi ma radioactive kuchokera ku Cold War zitha kutulutsidwa, zomwe zitha kuvulaza zamoyo komanso kusokoneza zachilengedwe.
"Pali zambiri zomwe zikuchitika ndi permafrost zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa, ndipo zikuwonetsa chifukwa chake kuli kofunika kwambiri kuti tizisunga madzi oundana momwe tingathere," atero a Kimberley Miner, wasayansi yanyengo ku NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. California Institute of Technology ku Pasadena, California.
Permafrost imatenga gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a Kumpoto kwa Dziko Lapansi ndipo yakhala ikuthandiza kwa nthawi yaitali nkhalango za Arctic tundra ndi boreal za Alaska, Canada, ndi Russia. Imagwira ntchito ngati kapisozi wanthawi, kuteteza mabwinja a zolengedwa zingapo zomwe zatha zomwe asayansi atha kuzipeza ndikusanthula m'zaka zaposachedwa, kuphatikiza ana amikango awiri amphanga ndi chipembere chaubweya.
Permafrost ndi malo oyenera kusungirako osati chifukwa chozizira; Komanso ndi malo opanda okosijeni kumene kuwala sikulowa. Komabe, kutentha kwa pano ku Arctic kukuwonjezereka kuŵirikiza kanayi kuposa dziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zikuchititsa kuti chigawo chapamwamba cha chisanu chiwonongeke.
Jean-Michel Claverie, pulofesa wa Emeritus wa zamankhwala ndi genomics ku Aix-Marseille University School of Medicine ku Marseille, France, adayesa zitsanzo zapadziko lapansi zomwe zidatengedwa ku Siberian permafrost kuti awone ngati tinthu tating'ono ta tizilombo tating'ono tating'ono ta tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Akuyang'ana "ma virus a zombie," momwe amawatchulira, ndipo wapeza.
Wosaka ma virus
Claverie amaphunzira za mtundu wina wa kachilombo komwe adatulukira koyamba mu 2003. Amadziwika kuti ma virus akuluakulu, ndiakulu kwambiri kuposa ma virus omwe amawonekera komanso amawonekera pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu yanthawi zonse, m'malo mwa maikulosikopu yamphamvu kwambiri ya elekitironi - zomwe zimawapanga kukhala chitsanzo chabwino cha izi. mtundu wa ntchito labu.
Khama lake lozindikira ma virus omwe adaundana m'malo ozizira kwambiri adalimbikitsidwa ndi gulu la asayansi aku Russia omwe mu 2012 adatsitsimutsa duwa lakuthengo kuchokera m'minyewa yambewu yazaka 30,000 yomwe idapezeka m'dzenje la gologolo. (Kuyambira pamenepo, asayansi abwezeretsanso mwachipambano nyama zakale zosaoneka ndi maso.)
Mu 2014, adakwanitsa kutsitsimutsa kachilombo komwe iye ndi gulu lake adadzipatula ku permafrost, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zitha kupatsirana koyamba m'zaka 30,000 poziika m'maselo otukuka. Kuti atetezeke, adasankha kuphunzira za kachilombo komwe kamangolimbana ndi ma amoeba okhala ndi selo imodzi, osati nyama kapena anthu.
Adabwerezanso izi mu 2015, ndikupatula mtundu wina wa virus womwe umalimbananso ndi ma amoebas. Ndipo mu kafukufuku wake waposachedwa, wofalitsidwa pa February 18 mu nyuzipepala ya Virus, Claverie ndi gulu lake adapatula mitundu ingapo yama virus akale kuchokera ku zitsanzo zingapo za permafrost zotengedwa m'malo asanu ndi awiri osiyanasiyana kudutsa Siberia ndikuwonetsa kuti aliyense amatha kupatsira ma cell amoeba otukuka.
Mitundu yatsopanoyi ikuyimira mabanja asanu atsopano a ma virus, pamwamba pa awiri omwe adawatsitsimutsa m'mbuyomu. Wakale kwambiri anali ndi zaka pafupifupi 48,500, kutengera nyengo ya radiocarbon ya nthaka, ndipo adachokera ku dothi lomwe linatengedwa m'nyanja yapansi panthaka mamita 16 (mamita 52) pansi pa nthaka. Zitsanzo zazing'ono kwambiri, zomwe zimapezeka m'mimba ndi mabwinja a mammoth, zinali zaka 27,000.
Kuti ma virus omwe amapatsira amoeba akadali opatsirana pakapita nthawi yayitali ndikuwonetsa vuto lalikulu, Claverie adatero. Amawopa kuti anthu amawona kafukufuku wake ngati chidwi chasayansi ndipo samawona chiyembekezo cha ma virus akale kukhalanso ndi moyo ngati chiwopsezo chachikulu paumoyo wa anthu.
"Timawona ma virus omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka amoeba ngati ma virus ena onse omwe angakhale mu permafrost," Claverie adauza CNN.
"Tikuwona ma virus ena ambiri, ambiri, ambiri," anawonjezera. “Ndiye tikudziwa kuti alipo. Sitikudziwa kuti akadali ndi moyo. Koma malingaliro athu ndi akuti ngati ma virus a amoeba akadali amoyo, palibe chifukwa chomwe ma virus enawo sadzakhala akadali ndi moyo, ndipo amatha kupatsira omwe adawalandira. ”
Chitsanzo cha matenda a anthu
Mabakiteriya ndi mabakiteriya omwe amatha kupatsira anthu apezeka atasungidwa mu permafrost.
Mapapo a m'mapapo a m'thupi la mayi yemwe adatulutsidwa mu 1997 kuchokera ku permafrost m'mudzi wa Seward Peninsula ku Alaska anali ndi ma genomic amtundu wa fuluwenza womwe unayambitsa mliri wa 1918. Mu 2012, asayansi adatsimikizira kuti mabwinja a mayi wina wazaka 300 omwe anaikidwa m'manda ku Siberia anali ndi siginecha ya kachilombo kamene kamayambitsa nthomba.
Mliri wa anthrax ku Siberia womwe unakhudza anthu ambiri komanso mphalapala zoposa 2,000 pakati pa Julayi ndi Ogasiti mu 2016 walumikizidwanso ndi kusungunuka kwakuya kwa chisanu m'nyengo yotentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbewu zakale za Bacillus anthracis zibukenso kuchokera kumanda akale kapena mitembo ya nyama.
Birgitta Evengård, pulofesa wobadwa ku Umea University's department of Clinical Microbiology ku Sweden, adati payenera kuyang'aniridwa bwino za chiopsezo chobwera ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pakusungunuka kwa permafrost, koma adachenjeza za njira yowopsa.
"Muyenera kukumbukira kuti chitetezo chathu cham'thupi chapangidwa molumikizana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe," adatero Evengård, yemwe ali m'gulu la CLIF Nordic Center of Excellence, gulu lomwe limafufuza momwe kusintha kwanyengo kumakhudzira kufalikira kwa matenda opatsirana mwa anthu komanso nyama kumadera a kumpoto.
"Ngati pali kachilombo kobisika mu permafrost yomwe sitinakumane nayo kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, mwina chitetezo chathu cha mthupi sichikwanira," adatero. "Ndikoyenera kulemekeza momwe zinthu ziliri ndikukhala wokhazikika osati kungochitapo kanthu. Ndipo njira yothanirana ndi mantha ndiyo kukhala ndi chidziwitso.”
Zachidziwikire, m'dziko lenileni, asayansi sadziwa kuti ma viruswa atha kukhalabe ndi nthawi yayitali bwanji atakumana ndi zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano, kapena kuti kachilomboka kangakhale ndi mwayi wotani kukumana ndi wolandira. Sikuti mavairasi onse ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda; ena ndi abwino kapena opindulitsa kwa omwe amawachereza. Ndipo ngakhale kuli anthu 3.6 miliyoni, ku Arctic akadali malo ochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiopsezo cha anthu ku ma virus akale chichepe kwambiri.
Komabe, “chiwopsezocho chidzawonjezereka chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko,” anatero Claverie, “m’mene kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana kudzapitirizabe kuwonjezereka, ndipo anthu ochuluka adzadzadza ku Arctic chifukwa cha ntchito zamafakitale.”
Ndipo a Claverie sali yekha pochenjeza kuti derali litha kukhala malo achonde kuti pachitike zochitika zinazake - kachilomboka ikalumphira mwatsopano ndikuyamba kufalikira.
Chaka chatha, gulu la asayansi linafalitsa kafukufuku wokhudza dothi ndi matope a m'nyanja omwe atengedwa ku Nyanja ya Hazen, nyanja yamadzi opanda mchere ku Canada yomwe ili ku Arctic Circle. Iwo adatsata ma genetic mu sediment kuti azindikire ma siginecha a ma virus ndi ma genomes omwe atha kukhala - zomera ndi nyama - m'derali.
Pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwamakompyuta, iwo adati chiwopsezo cha ma virus omwe amatha kupita kwa omwe adalandira atsopano chinali chokulirapo pafupi ndi komwe madzi oundana ambiri amasungunuka m'nyanjayi - zomwe zimachitika kwambiri nyengo ikatentha.
Zotsatira zosadziwika
Kuzindikira ma virus ndi zoopsa zina zomwe zili munyengo yotentha ya permafrost ndiye gawo loyamba lomvetsetsa zoopsa zomwe zingabweretse ku Arctic, Miner ku Jet Propulsion Laboratory ya NASA adati. Zovuta zina ndi monga kudziwa komwe, nthawi, liwiro, komanso kuchuluka kwa chisanu kudzasungunuka.
Kusungunuka kumatha kuchitika pang'onopang'ono pang'onopang'ono ngati ma centimita pazaka khumi komanso kumachitika mwachangu kwambiri, monga kutsetsereka kwa nthaka komwe kumatha kuwonetsa mozama komanso zakale za permafrost. Njirayi imatulutsanso methane ndi carbon dioxide mumlengalenga - zomwe zimachititsa kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kumanyalanyazidwe komanso kuganiziridwa mochepera.
Miner adalembapo zoopsa zomwe zitha kuzizira ku Arctic permafrost mu pepala la 2021 lofalitsidwa munyuzipepala yasayansi ya Nature Climate Change.
Zoopsa zomwe zingakhalepo zinaphatikizapo zinyalala zokwiriridwa kuchokera kumigodi yazitsulo zolemera ndi mankhwala monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo a DDT, omwe analetsedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000. Zinthu za radioactive zidatayidwanso ku Arctic - ndi Russia ndi United States - kuyambira pomwe kuyesa kwa zida za nyukiliya ku 1950s.
"Kusungunuka kwadzidzidzi kumavumbulutsa madera akale a permafrost, kutulutsa mankhwala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe tayikidwa mozama," Miner ndi ofufuza ena adalemba mu pepala la 2021.
Mu pepala lofufuzira, Miner adatcha matenda achindunji a anthu okhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda akale omwe adatulutsidwa ku permafrost kukhala "osatheka pano."
Komabe, Miner adanena kuti akuda nkhawa ndi zomwe adazitcha "Metusela microorganisms" (yotchulidwa ndi munthu wa m'Baibulo wokhala ndi moyo wautali kwambiri). Izi ndi zamoyo zomwe zimatha kubweretsa mayendedwe achilengedwe akale komanso osatha ku Arctic yamakono, ndi zotsatira zosadziwika.
Kubwereranso kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, Miner adati.
"Sitikudziwa bwino momwe majeremusiwa angagwirizane ndi chilengedwe chamakono," adatero. "Sikuyesa kwenikweni komwe ndikuganiza kuti aliyense wa ife akufuna kuthamanga."
Njira yabwino kwambiri, Miner adati, ndikuyesa kuyimitsa mvula, komanso vuto lalikulu la nyengo, ndikusunga zoopsazi mu permafrost kwabwino.
