Obelisk, mzati wamtali, wamakona anayi, wopindika monolithic, womwe umatha mu mawonekedwe ofanana ndi piramidi. M'mizinda ikuluikulu ya mayiko padziko lonse lapansi, mutha kuwona chachitali, cholembedwa. Ndiye kodi chithunzichi chimachokera kuti?
Zipilala zoyambirira zidamangidwa ndi Aigupto akale. Iwo anajambula pamiyala ndipo anawayika awiriawiri pakhomo la akachisi monga zinthu zopatulika zomwe zimaimira mulungu dzuwa, Ra. Amakhulupirira kuti mawonekedwewo amaimira kuwala kwa dzuwa limodzi. Monga chonchi, pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa za ma Obelisk, zina mwazo ndizodabwitsa kwambiri. Apa, munkhaniyi, pali zinthu 10 zosangalatsa kwambiri za ma Obelisk zomwe zingakusangalatseni.
1 | Anamangidwa Ndi Aigupto Akale, Ngakhale Ndi Ochepa Omwe Amatsalira Ku Egypt
Aigupto akale anali kuyika zipilala zolowera pakhomo la akachisi awo. Malinga ndi a Gordon, zipilalazo zimalumikizidwa ndi mulungu dzuwa waku Egypt, ndipo mwina amayimira kuwala. Nthawi zambiri ankakhala ndi golide, kapena aloyi wachilengedwe wa golide ndi siliva wotchedwa electrum, kuti agwire kuwala koyamba kwa m'mawa. Zipilala makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu za Aigupto sizinayime, ngakhale kuti ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zokha zomwe zili ku Egypt. Ena onse amabalalika padziko lonse lapansi, mphatso za boma la Aigupto kapena zolandidwa ndi akunja akunja.
Zipilala zisanu ndi zitatu zazikuluzikulu zaku Egypt:
Pali ma Obelisk akuluakulu asanu ndi atatu, omwe atsala ku Egypt lero:
- Karnak temple, Thebes - yokhazikitsidwa ndi King Tuthmosis I.
- Karnak temple, Thebes - yokhazikitsidwa ndi Mfumukazi Hatshepsut, yomwe ndi obelisk wachiwiri (wakugwa)
- Karnak temple, Thebes - wopangidwa ndi Seti II (7m).
- Kachisi wapamwamba - wokhazikitsidwa ndi Ramses II.
- Luxor Museum - yoleredwa ndi Ramses II
- Heliopolis, Cairo - woleredwa ndi Senusret I.
- Chilumba cha Gezira, Cairo - chokhazikitsidwa ndi Ramses II (matani 20.4m / 120 matani).
- Cairo International Airport - yokhazikitsidwa ndi Ramses II 16.97m kutalika.
2 | Obelisk Anagwiritsidwa Ntchito Pakuwerengera Koyamba Kwa Kuzungulira Kwa Dziko Lapansi
Cha m'ma 250 BC, wafilosofi wachi Greek wotchedwa Eratosthenes adagwiritsa ntchito chipilala kuwerengera kuzungulira kwa Dziko Lapansi. Amadziwa kuti masana pa Chilimwe Solstice, zipilala mumzinda wa Swenet (Aswan wamasiku ano) sizingapereke chithunzi chifukwa dzuwa lidzakhala pamwamba (kapena zero degrees up). Ankadziwanso kuti nthawi yomweyi ku Alexandria, zipilala zimapanga mithunzi.
Poyeza mthunziwo kumapeto kwa chipilala, adazindikira kuti kusiyana pakati pa madigiri pakati pa Alexandria ndi Swenet: madigiri asanu ndi awiri, mphindi 14 — wani-fifitini wozungulira bwalo. Adagwiritsa ntchito kutalika kwakatikati mwa mizindayi ndikuwona kuti kuzungulira kwa Dziko lapansi kuli (m'magulu amakono) makilomita 40,000. Iyi si nambala yolondola, ngakhale njira zake zinali zabwino: panthawiyo zinali zosatheka kudziwa mtunda weniweni pakati pa Alexandria ndi Swenet.
Ngati tigwiritsa ntchito chilinganizo cha Eratosthenes lero, timapeza nambala pafupi modabwitsa pakuzungulira kwenikweni kwa Dziko Lapansi. M'malo mwake, ngakhale mawonekedwe ake osafunikira anali olondola kwambiri kuposa omwe Christopher Columbus adagwiritsa ntchito zaka 1700 pambuyo pake.
3 | Zipilala Zoona Zimapangidwa Ndi Mwala Umodzi Umodzi
Zipilala zenizeni zopangidwa ndi Aigupto wakale ndi "monolithic," kapena kupangidwa ndi mwala umodzi. Mwachitsanzo, obelisk pakatikati pa Place de la Concorde ndi monolithic. Ali ndi zaka 3300 ndipo kamodzi adalemba polowera ku Kachisi wa Thebes ku Egypt.
4 | Obelisk Wosatha wa Aswan
Obelisk Wamkulu Wopanda Kumaliza wa Aswan amadziwika kuti ndi Obelisk wamkulu kwambiri wopangidwa ndi munthu padziko lapansi. Amapangidwa kuti akhale obelisk wamtali wa 42m womwe umalemera matani oposa 1,200. Chipilalachi chimakhala chachikulu mwamagawo atatu kuposa chipilala chilichonse ku Egypt.
Nkhani yodabwitsa ya nyumbayo sinamalize monga momwe imamangidwira ndipo pochotsa mwalawo pamwala wa mayi ake, panali mng'alu waukulu womwe udapangitsa kuti mwalawo usamagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mfumukazi Hatshepsut adafuna kuti amange nyumbayo pamalo ena omwe amatchedwa lero kuti "The Lateran Obelisk".
Chipilalacho chomwe chinali chisanamalizike mwina chimapezeka ndi mabowo osakanikirana ndi mwalawo molingana ndi zikwangwani zake. Pansi pa chipilalachi chimaphatikizidwabe ndi nsanamira ya miyala iyi ya ku granite ku Aswan. Amakhulupirira kuti Aigupto akale amagwiritsa ntchito mipira yaying'ono yamchere, yolimba kuposa granite, yotchedwa dolerite.
5 | Analidi Ovuta Kumanga
Palibe amene akudziwa chifukwa chake zipilala zidamangidwa, kapena momwe zidamangidwira. Granite ndi yolimba kwenikweni-6.5 pa sikelo ya Mohs (diamondi kukhala 10) -ndipo kuti muipange, mukusowa china chake chovuta kwambiri. Zitsulo zomwe zinali kupezeka panthawiyo zinali zofewa kwambiri (golide, mkuwa, mkuwa) kapena zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito zida (kusungunuka kwachitsulo ndi 1,538 ° C; Aigupto sakanakhala ndi chitsulo chosungunuka mpaka 600 BC).
Anthu a ku Aigupto ayenera kuti ankagwiritsa ntchito mipira ya dolerite popanga zipilalazo, zomwe Gordon ananena kuti zikanakhala zofunikira “kwa anthu.” Ogwira ntchito mazana ambiri amayenera kuti aliyense azigwiritsa ntchito granite pogwiritsa ntchito mipira ya dolerite yomwe imalemera mapaundi 12. Izi sizimalongosola ngakhale vuto la momwe munthu angasunthire mzati wa 100, 400-ton kuchokera pamwala kupita komwe akupita. Ngakhale pali malingaliro ambiri, palibe amene amadziwa momwe adazichitira.
6 | Obelisk Anathandizidwa Akatswiri Ofukula Mabwinja Amamasulira Zolemba Zakale
Mpaka m'zaka za zana la 19, zilembo zolembedwazo zinali kulingaliridwa kukhala zosasandulika — zizindikiro zachinsinsi zopanda uthenga wogwirizana pansi. Jean-François Champollion, Katswiri wazaka ku Egypt komanso katswiri wazilankhulo, adaganiza mosiyana, ndikupanga cholinga chamoyo wake kuwazindikira. Kupambana kwake koyamba kunachokera ku Rosetta Stone, komwe adagawa dzina loti "Ptolemy" kuchokera kuzizindikiro.
Mu 1819, “Ptolemy” anapezedwanso atalembedwa pa chipilala chomwe chinali chitangobweretsedwa ku England — chipilala cha Philae. "P," "o," ndi "l" pa chipilalachi zidapezekanso kwina kulikonse, m'malo abwino kutchula dzina "Cleopatra" (Mfumukazi Cleopatra IX wa Ptolemy). Ndizizindikirozi, ndikugwiritsa ntchito chipilalachi, Champollion adakwanitsa kusokoneza zilembo zosadziwika za hieroglyphics, kumasulira mawu awo ndikuwulula zinsinsi za Aigupto wakale.
7 | Zipilala Zakale Kwambiri Ndizakale Monga Mbiri Ya Anthu
Zipilala zakale kwambiri ndi zakalekale zosayembekezereka — zakale ngakhalenso zakale. Seaton Schroeder, injiniya yemwe adathandizira kubweretsa Needle ya Cleopatra ku Central Park, adaitcha "Mphamvu zakale zakale," ndipo adayankha momveka bwino, “Kuchokera pazithunzi zozokotedwa pankhope pake timaŵerenga za zaka zapambuyo pa zochitika zambiri zolembedwa m'mbiri yakale; Troy anali asanagwe, Homer sanabadwe, kachisi wa Solomo sanamangidwe; Roma inadzuka, inagonjetsa dziko lapansi, ndipo inalembedwa m'mbiri ya anthu pamene nkhani yovuta imeneyi ya mibadwo yosalankhula yakhala ikulimbana ndi nyengo. ”
8 | Obelisk Wa Square Peter Woyera Ku Vatican City Kwenikweni Anachokera Ku Egypt
Chipilala chomwe chili pakatikati pa Malo Oyera a Peter ku Vatican City ndi chipilala cha zaka 4,000 cha ku Aigupto chomwe chidabweretsedwa ku Roma kuchokera ku Alexandria ndi mfumu Caligula mu 37 AD. Patatha zaka chikwi chimodzi ndi theka, mu 1585, Papa Sixtus V adalamula kuti chipilalacho asamuke pamalo pomwepo pa Circus wakale wa Nero kupita kubwalo lomwe linali pafupi ndi tchalitchichi.
Ngakhale unali ulendo wawufupi wopitilira 275 mapazi, kunyamula chinthu chamwala chachikulu choterocho (kutalika kwa mamita 83 ndi matani 326, kukhala chenicheni) ngakhale patali anali wowopsa kwambiri, ndipo palibe amene amadziwa momwe angachitire. Aliyense anali ndi nkhawa, nati, "Bwanji ngati chasweka?"
Komiti yapadera idatumiza pempholi kuti ligwirizane ndi ntchito yayikuluyi, ndipo mainjiniya mazana adakhamukira ku Roma kukapereka malingaliro awo. Mapeto ake, womanga Domenico Fontana adapambana mwa omwe amapikisana nawo ambiri; adapanga nsanja yamatabwa yomwe amamangapo mozungulira chipilalacho, cholumikizidwa ndi zingwe ndi ma pulleys.
9 | Obelisk Wapamwamba Ku Center Of Place de la Concorde, Paris
Ma Luxor Obelisks ndi timipanda takale takale ta Aigupto tosema kuti tiziime mbali zonse ziwiri za chipata cha Kachisi wa Luxor mu ulamuliro wa Ramesses II. Obelisk wakumanzere amakhalabe ku Egypt, koma mwala wamanja, womwe ndi wamtali wa 75 ft, tsopano uli pakatikati pa Place de la Concorde ku Paris, France. Kufikira kwa obelisk wa Luxor kuyimilira pa Place de la Concorde kukuwonetsa nthawi yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndikupangitsa kuti likhale lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Komanso ndi chipilala chakale kwambiri ku Paris.
Zipilala zokhala ndi zaka 3,000 poyamba zinali zonse kunja kwa Luxor Temple. Chitsanzo cha Parisian chidafika koyamba ku Paris pa 21 Disembala 1833, atatumizidwa kuchokera ku Luxor kudzera ku Alexandria ndi Cherbourg, ndipo patatha zaka zitatu, pa 25 Okutobala 1836, adasunthidwira pakatikati pa Place de la Concorde ndi King Louis-Phillipe.
Obelisk idaperekedwa ku France ndi Muhammad Ali Pasha, wolamulira wa Ottoman Egypt posinthana ndi wotchi yaku France. Obelisk atamutenga, wotchi yamakina yoperekedwa posinthana idapezeka kuti ndi yolakwika, mwina itawonongeka poyenda. Wotchiyo imapezekabe mu nsanja yotchi ku Cairo Citadel ndipo sikugwirabe ntchito.
10 | Obelisk Wautali Kwambiri Padziko Lonse Lapansi Ndi Washington Monument
Woyamba kupangidwa mu 1832, Chikumbutso cha Washington, cholemekeza George Washington, purezidenti woyamba wa United States, zidatenga zaka makumi kuti zimangidwe. Mwalamulo, ndi nyumba yayitali kwambiri m'boma la Columbia, ndipo ndi yayitali kwambiri kuposa chipilala china chilichonse padziko lapansi. Ili ndipadera pazikumbutso ku Washington.
Maziko a Chikumbutso cha Washington ndi mtundu wina wosiyana ndi wapamwamba. Ntchitoyi idayamba mu 1848, koma ndalama zidatha gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a njira - kotero idakhala isanathe, kwa zaka 25 zotsatira. Akatswiri pambuyo pake adayesa kufanana ndi miyala yoyambirira ya mabulo, koma kukokoloka ndi kukokoloka kwake kudakhudza zinthuzo mosiyanasiyana pakapita nthawi ndipo zidawasiyanitsa ndi mawonekedwe awo.
bonasi:
Singano ya Cleopatra
Ku Central Park ku New York kuli obelisk wazaka 3,500 waku Egypt yemwe amadziwika kuti Cleopatra's Needle. Kulemera matani 200, idapatsidwa mphatso ku United States mu 1877 kuyamika kuti US isalowerere ndale zaku Egypt.
