Monga wokonda mbiri yakale ndi nthano, imodzi mwa nthano zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zomwe zakhala zikundigwira mtima nthawi zonse ndi nthano ya King Arthur ndi lupanga lake Excalibur. Nkhani za Arthur ndi akatswiri ake a pa Round Table, mafunso awo, nkhondo, ndi zochitika zalimbikitsa mabuku ambiri, mafilimu, ndi mapulogalamu a pa TV. Koma pakati pa zinthu zonse zosangalatsa za nthano ya Arthurian, funso limodzi latsala: Kodi lupanga la King Arthur Excalibur linalipodi? Munkhaniyi, tisanthula mbiri yakale ndi nthano za Excalibur ndikuyesera kuwulula chowonadi kumbuyo kwachinsinsi chokhalitsachi.
Chiyambi cha King Arthur ndi Excalibur
Tisanalowe muchinsinsi cha Excalibur, tiyeni tiyambire poyambitsa King Arthur ndi lupanga lake lodziwika bwino. Malinga ndi nthano zakale za ku Wales ndi Chingelezi, Mfumu Arthur anali mfumu yopeka imene inalamulira ku Britain chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 5 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 6. Akuti adagwirizanitsa a Britons motsutsana ndi Saxon omwe adawukira, kukhazikitsa nthawi yamtendere ndi chitukuko m'dzikolo. Ankhondo a Arthur a pa Round Table anali odziŵika chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwawo, kulimba mtima, ndi ulemu, ndipo anayamba ntchito zofunafuna Holy Grail, kupulumutsa atsikana omwe anali m’mavuto, ndi kugonjetsa adani oipa.
Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zodziwika bwino komanso zamphamvu za nthano ya Arthurian ndi Excalibur, lupanga limene Arthur anasolola pamwala kuti atsimikizire zonena zake zoyenera ku mpando wachifumu. Excalibur inanenedwa kuti inapangidwa ndi Lady of the Lake, munthu wachinsinsi yemwe ankakhala m'madzi ndipo anali ndi mphamvu zamatsenga. Lupangalo linali lodzala ndi mikhalidwe yauzimu, monga ngati kutha kupyola m’chinthu chilichonse, kuchiritsa bala lililonse, ndi kupatsa wopambanayo kukhala wosagonjetseka pankhondo. Excalibur nthawi zambiri inkawonetsedwa ngati tsamba lonyezimira lokhala ndi ndodo yagolide komanso zojambula zovuta.
Nthano ya Excalibur
Nkhani ya Excalibur yanenedwa ndikufotokozedwanso m'matembenuzidwe osawerengeka kwazaka zambiri, iliyonse ili ndi zosiyana zake komanso zokongoletsa. M'matembenuzidwe ena, Excalibur ndi lupanga lomwe Arthur analandira kuchokera kwa Lady of the Lake, pamene ena ndi lupanga lapadera limene Arthur amapeza pambuyo pake m'moyo wake. M'matembenuzidwe ena, Excalibur imatayika kapena kubedwa, ndipo Arthur amayenera kuyesetsa kuti atenge. Mwa ena, Excalibur ndiye chinsinsi chogonjetsera adani a Arthur, monga wafiti woyipa Morgan le Fay kapena mfumu yayikulu Rion.
Nthano ya Excalibur yalimbikitsa olemba ambiri, olemba ndakatulo, ndi ojambula pazaka zambiri. Imodzi mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya nkhaniyi ndi Thomas Malory "Le Morte d'Arthur" buku la m'zaka za zana la 15 lomwe linapanga nkhani zosiyanasiyana za Arthurian kukhala nkhani yokwanira. Mu Baibulo la Malory, Excalibur ndi lupanga limene Arthur amalandira kuchokera kwa Lady of the Lake, ndipo pambuyo pake linathyoledwa pomenyana ndi Sir Pellinore. Kenako Arthur analandira lupanga latsopano, lotchedwa Lupanga mu Mwala, lochokera ku Merlin, limene anagwiritsa ntchito pogonjetsa adani ake.
Umboni wa mbiri yakale wa King Arthur
Ngakhale kutchuka kosatha kwa nthano ya Arthurian, pali umboni wochepa wa mbiri yakale wotsimikizira kukhalapo kwa King Arthur monga munthu weniweni. Nkhani zakale kwambiri zolembedwa za Arthur zinayamba m’zaka za m’ma 9, zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pa kunenedwa kuti anakhalako. Nkhani izi, monga Welsh "Nkhani za Tigernach" ndi Anglo-Saxon "Cronicle," tchulani Arthur monga msilikali yemwe anamenyana ndi a Saxon, koma amapereka zochepa zokhudza moyo wake kapena ulamuliro wake.
Akatswiri ena a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti Arthur ayenera kuti anali munthu wophatikizika, wophatikiza nthano ndi nthano zosiyanasiyana za A Celtic ndi Anglo-Saxon. Ena amatsutsa kuti iye angakhale munthu weniweni wa m’mbiri amene pambuyo pake anapezedwa nthano ndi osimba nthano ndi olemba ndakatulo. Komabe, ena amatsutsa kuti Arthur anali wongopeka, kulengedwa kwa malingaliro akale.
Kusaka kwa Excalibur
Popeza kusowa kwa umboni wa mbiri yakale kwa King Arthur, sizosadabwitsa kuti kusaka kwa Excalibur sikunapezekenso. Kwa zaka zambiri, pakhala pali zonena zambiri za kupezeka kwa Excalibur, koma palibe zomwe zatsimikiziridwa. Ena amanena kuti Excalibur ayenera kuti anaikidwa m’manda pamodzi ndi Arthur ku Glastonbury Abbey, kumene manda ake omwe amati anapezeka anapezeka m’zaka za zana la 12. Komabe, pambuyo pake manda anavumbulidwa kukhala bodza, ndipo lupanga silinapezeke.
M'zaka za m'ma 1980, katswiri wina wofukula zakale wotchedwa Peter Field adanena kuti anapeza Excalibur pamalo a Staffordshire, England. Iye anapeza lupanga la dzimbiri m’mphepete mwa mtsinje limene ankakhulupirira kuti linali lupanga lodziwika bwino. Komabe, pambuyo pake lupangalo linavumbulidwa kukhala chofanana ndi cha m’zaka za zana la 19.
Malingaliro okhudza malo a Excalibur
Ngakhale kuti palibe umboni weniweni, pakhala pali malingaliro ambiri okhudza malo a Excalibur pazaka zambiri. Ena amanena kuti lupangalo liyenera kuti linaponyedwa m’nyanja kapena m’mtsinje, kumene lidakali lobisika mpaka pano. Ena amakhulupirira kuti Excalibur mwina adadutsa mibadwo ya mbadwa za Arthur, zomwe adazibisa kudziko lapansi.
Chimodzi mwa ziphunzitso zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za malo a Excalibur ndikuti akhoza kubisika m'chipinda chobisika pansi pa Glastonbury Tor, phiri la Somerset, England. Malinga ndi nthano, Tor anali malo a Avalon wachinsinsi, kumene Lady of the Lake ankakhala ndi kumene Arthur anatengedwa atavulazidwa kunkhondo. Ena amakhulupirira kuti chipinda chobisika pansi pa Tor chikhoza kukhala ndi lupanga, pamodzi ndi chuma china ndi zinthu zakale zochokera ku nthano ya Arthurian.
Zomwe zimachokera ku nthano ya Excalibur
Ndiye, ngati Excalibur sinakhalepo, nthanoyo idachokera kuti? Monga nthano zambiri ndi nthano, nkhani ya Excalibur mwina idachokera ku nthano zakale komanso nthano zakale. Ena amanena kuti lupangalo liyenera kukhala louziridwa ndi nthano ya ku Ireland ya Nuada, mfumu yomwe inaduka dzanja pankhondo ndipo inalandira mkono wamatsenga wasiliva kuchokera kwa milungu. Ena aloza ku nthano ya ku Wales ya Dyrnwyn lupanga, imene inanenedwa kuti inapsa ndi moto pamene igwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi dzanja losayenera.
Gwero linanso la nthano ya Excalibur ndi lupanga la mbiri yakale la Julius Caesar, lomwe amati linapangidwa mwanjira yodabwitsa yofanana ndi Excalibur. Malinga ndi nthano, lupangalo linadutsa m’banja lachifumu la Britain mpaka linaperekedwa kwa Arthur.
Kufunika kwa Excalibur mu nthano ya Arthurian
Kaya Excalibur idakhalapo kapena ayi, palibe kutsutsa kufunika kwake mu nthano ya Arthurian. Lupanga lakhala chizindikiro champhamvu cha mphamvu, kulimba mtima, ndi utsogoleri wa Arthur, komanso chifaniziro cha zinthu zachinsinsi ndi zauzimu za nthanoyi. Excalibur yawonetsedwa muzojambula zambiri, zolemba, ndi zoulutsira mawu, kuyambira pamatepi akale mpaka makanema amakono.
Kuphatikiza pa kufunikira kwake kophiphiritsa, Excalibur yatenganso gawo lalikulu m'nkhani zambiri ndi zochitika za nthano ya Arthurian. Lupanga lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kugonjetsa adani amphamvu, monga chimphona cha Rion ndi wamatsenga Morgan le Fay, ndipo adani a Arthur adawafunafuna ngati njira yopezera mphamvu ndi kulamulira.
Momwe Excalibur yakhudzira chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino
Nthano ya Excalibur yakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino, kulimbikitsa zolemba zambiri, zaluso, komanso zoulutsira mawu. Kuyambira m'zaka zachikondi zakale mpaka makanema amakono, Excalibur yakopa chidwi cha mibadwo ya anthu ofotokoza nkhani ndi omvera.
Chimodzi mwazithunzi zodziwika bwino za Excalibur pachikhalidwe chodziwika bwino ndi kanema wa 1981 "Excalibur," motsogozedwa ndi John Boorman. Kanemayo akutsatira nkhani ya Arthur, akatswiri ake, komanso kufunafuna Holy Grail, ndipo ali ndi zithunzi zowoneka bwino komanso nyimbo yosangalatsa. Chiwonetsero china chodziwika bwino cha Excalibur chili mu mndandanda wa TV wa BBC "Merlin," womwe umakhala ndi Arthur wachinyamata ndi mphunzitsi wake Merlin pamene akuyang'ana zoopsa ndi zovuta za Camelot.
Kutsiliza: Chinsinsi cha Excalibur sichingathetsedwe
Pamapeto pake, chinsinsi cha Excalibur sichingathetsedwe. Kaya linali lupanga lenileni, chizindikiro cha nthano, kapena kuphatikiza ziwirizi, Excalibur imakhalabe chinthu champhamvu komanso chokhalitsa cha nthano ya Arthurian. Nkhani ya Mfumu Arthur, asilikali ake, ndi kufunafuna kwawo ulemu ndi chilungamo idzapitirizabe kulimbikitsa ndi kukopa anthu ku mibadwomibadwo.
Chifukwa chake, mukadzamva nthano ya King Arthur ndi lupanga lake Excalibur, kumbukirani kuti chowonadi cha nthanoyi chingakhale chovuta kwambiri kuposa lupanga lokha. Koma zimenezi sizimapangitsa kuti nkhaniyo ikhale yamatsenga kapena yothandiza. Monga wolemba ndakatulo Alfred Lord Tennyson adalemba, "Chikhalidwe chakale chimasintha, kubweretsa malo atsopano, / Ndipo Mulungu amadzikwaniritsa yekha m'njira zambiri, / Kuopera kuti mwambo umodzi wabwino ukhoza kuipitsa dziko lapansi." Mwina nthano ya Excalibur ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe Mulungu amadzikwaniritsa yekha, kutilimbikitsa kufunafuna chilungamo, kulimba mtima, ndi ulemu m'miyoyo yathu.
Ngati mukufuna kufufuza zambiri za zinsinsi ndi nthano za mbiri yakale, onani zolemba izi kuti mumve zambiri zosangalatsa.
