Kafukufuku watsopano wochokera ku Yunivesite ya Cincinnati akuwonetsa kuti anthu okhala mumzinda wakale wa Mayan ku Tikal womwe uli m'nkhalango za Guatemala adagwiritsa ntchito mchere kuyeretsa madzi m'madamu awo. Ndiye kuti, a Mayan adapanga makina osungira madziwa pafupifupi zaka 2,000 asanagwiritsidwe ntchito kofananako ku Europe, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwanjira zakale kwambiri zamankhwala zamtunduwu padziko lapansi.
Njira zakale kwambiri zochotsera madzi a Mayan
Masiku ano, anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zosefera kuti achotse zonyansa m'madzi. Tsopano gulu lofufuza lapeza kuti ku Tikal, Mayan adagwiritsa kale ntchito zosefera madzi ndi cholinga chomwecho. Gulu la akatswiri ofufuza osiyanasiyana ochokera ku University of Cincinnati, wopangidwa ndi akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu, akatswiri a malo ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo, apeza kuti anthu akale mumzinda wakale wa Mayan wa Tikal (omwe mabwinja ake amawonekera m'nkhalango za Guatemala) anamanga zosefera madzi pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochokera kumadera akutali kwambiri. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale afika pozindikira izi atapeza umboni wazipangizo zosefera zachilengedwe m'chipinda cha Corriental, chimodzi mwazosungira madzi akumwa ku Tikal.
Zosefera zachilengedwe: Kuwona kwamphamvu kwa Mayan
Ofufuza apeza crystalline quartz ndi zeolite ku Tikal, ngakhale mchere wambiriwu umapezeka kokha m'nyanja ya Corriental. Quartz yomwe imapezeka mumchenga wamchere komanso zeolite, kristalline yomwe imapangidwa ndi silicon ndi aluminium, imapanga sefa yachilengedwe. Kuti azindikire zeolite ndi crystalline quartz m'mphepete mwa malo osungira madzi a Corriental, asayansi adachita kusanthula kwa X-ray (njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti adziwe momwe maatomu amapangidwira mkati mwa kristalo).
Momwemonso, zosefera zachilengedwezi zikadachotsa ma microbes owopsa, mankhwala okhala ndi nayitrogeni, zitsulo zolemera monga mercury ndi poizoni wina m'madzi, malinga ndi a Kenneth Barnett Tankersley, pulofesa wothandizana ndi Anthropology ku Yunivesite ya Cincinnati komanso wolemba wamkulu phunziro, lofalitsidwa mu nyuzipepalayi Scientific Reports.
Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, “Chosangalatsa ndichakuti dongosololi lipitilizabe kugwira ntchito masiku ano ndipo a Mayan adazipeza zaka zoposa 2,000 zapitazo. Anapanga makina ochepetsera madzi pafupifupi zaka zikwi ziwiri asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zofananira ku Europe, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwazinthu zakale kwambiri zogwiritsa ntchito madzi padziko lonse lapansi. ”
M'malo mwake, kwa a Mayan akale, kupeza njira zopezera ndi kusunga madzi oyera kunali kofunikira kwambiri. Monga mizinda ina ya Mayan, Tikal idamangidwa pamiyala yamiyala yomwe imapangitsa kuti madzi akumwa azivuta kwakanthawi, nthawi yachilala. Chifukwa chake adalibe chosankha china kupatula kugwiritsa ntchito malo osungira achilengedwe, omwe atha kukhala owopsa ku thanzi lawo nthawi yomweyo.
Ofufuzawo amakhulupirira kuti makina osungunulirawa amapangidwa ndi quartz ndi zeolite zikadateteza Mayan akale ku mabakiteriya owopsa ndi poizoni wina yemwe akadapangitsa anthu omwe amamwa kuchokera m'thamanda kudwala. "Mwina ndi nzeru zanzeru zomwe Amaya akale adawona kuti izi zimalumikizidwa ndi madzi oyera ndipo adayesetsa kuti abwere nawo kumzinda wawo," atero ofufuzawo. Koma momwe ma Mayan adadziwira kale zamtunduwu zamagulu zimakhalabe zotsutsana.
Madzi akumwa, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri
Mpaka pano, kafukufuku wambiri woyang'anira madzi akale adayesayesa kufotokoza momwe zikhalidwe zidasungira, kusonkhanitsa, kapena kupatutsa madzi. Khalidwe la madzi akumwa lakhalabe lovuta kuthana nalo. Kafukufukuyu watsegula kafukufukuyu pozindikira mtundu wa kasupe wamadzi ndi momwe akanakhazikitsira ndikusamalidwa. Zachidziwikire, kumanganso miyoyo, zizolowezi ndi zolimbikitsa za chitukuko kuyambira zaka masauzande zapitazo ndizovuta. "Tilibe umboni wathunthu, koma tili ndi umboni wamphamvu wotsimikizira izi. Malongosoledwe athu ndi omveka, ” atero ofufuzawo.
Zaka zikwizikwi patsogolo
Makina ovuta kusefera amadziwikanso m'maiko ena akale, ku Greece, Egypt, ndi South Asia, koma aka ndi koyamba kuwonetsedwa ku kontrakitala yaku America. "Amaya akale amakhala m'malo otentha ndipo amayenera kukhala ndi luso. Ndipo ichi ndichinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Amwenye Achimereka ku Western Hemisphere analibe makina ofanana ndi amisiri monga malo monga Greece, Rome, India kapena China. Koma pankhani ya kasamalidwe ka madzi, a Mayan anali patsogolo pa zaka masauzande ambiri, ” anamaliza ofufuzawo.
