Chitukuko cha Chigwa cha Indus, chimodzi mwa zitukuko zakale kwambiri za anthu, chakhala chikopa akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale. Kuchokera kudera lalikulu lomwe tsopano limatchedwa India ndi Pakistan, chitukuko chakalechi chinakula pafupifupi zaka 4,000 mpaka 5,000 zapitazo. Komabe, chiyambi cha chitukuko chodabwitsachi sichinadziwikebe mpaka posachedwapa. Maphunziro awiri ochititsa chidwi a majini apereka chidziwitso pa chiyambi ndi cholowa cha Indus Valley Civilization, kupereka zidziwitso zomwe sizinachitikepo m'mbuyomu.
Kuvumbulutsa DNA yakale
Phunziro loyamba, lofalitsidwa mu Cell, ikupereka kusanthula koyamba kwa genome kuchokera kwa munthu wa Indus Valley Civilization. Kupeza kodabwitsaku kudachitika powunika zitsanzo za mafupa 61 zofukulidwa pamanda a Indus kunja kwa New Delhi. Ngakhale kuti kutetezedwa kunali kovuta m’malo otentha ndi achinyezi, DNA yochepa inatengedwa bwinobwino m’mabwinja a mayi wina amene anakhalako zaka pafupifupi 4,000 zapitazo.
Mwa kutsata DNA yakale, ofufuza adavumbulutsa zambiri zochititsa chidwi za mbiri ya majini a Indus Valley Civilization. Mosiyana ndi malingaliro am'mbuyomu, omwe adawonetsa kuti machitidwe aulimi adayambitsidwa ku South Asia ndi osamukira ku Fertile Crescent, kusanthula kwa majini kunavumbula nkhani yosiyana. Makolo a mayiyo adawonetsa kusakaniza kwa DNA ya ku Southeast Asia ndi Iran yoyambirira ya mlenje wosonkhanitsa. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti anthu a ku Indus Valley Civilization mwina adapanga okha ntchito zaulimi kapena adaziphunzira kuchokera kumalo ena.
Maulalo a Genetic kwa anthu aku South Asia amakono
Kafukufukuyu adafufuzanso kugwirizana kwa majini pakati pa anthu aku Indus Valley ndi anthu aku South Asia amasiku ano. Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, kufufuzako kunavumbula kugwirizana kolimba kwa majini pakati pa chitukuko chakale ndi anthu amakono aku South Asia. Izi zikuphatikiza anthu aku Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, ndi Sri Lanka. Zomwe anapezazi zikusonyeza kuti Chitukuko cha Indus Valley chinathandiza kwambiri pakupanga chibadwa cha derali, ndi anthu onse amakono aku South Asia omwe amachokera ku chitukuko chakale.
Kutsata kusamuka kwakale komanso kusintha kwa chikhalidwe
Phunziro lachiwiri, lofalitsidwa mu Science (yomwe inalembedwa ndi ambiri ofufuza omwewo kumbuyo kwa Cell pepala), lozama kwambiri m'mbiri ya makolo aku South Asia. Kufufuza kwakukulu kumeneku kunaphatikizapo kufufuza ma genome 523 kuchokera kwa anthu omwe anakhalako zaka 12,000 zapitazo mpaka zaka 2,000 zapitazo, zomwe zinatenga nthawi zambiri m'mbiri ya South Asia.
Zotsatira zake zidavumbulutsa ubale wapamtima pakati pa anthu aku South Asia ndi alenje ochokera ku Iran ndi Southeast Asia. Komabe, zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zidatulukira pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Indus Valley Civilization cha m'ma 1800 BCE. Anthu a chitukuko, omwe adagawana zofanana ndi chibadwa ndi mayi yemwe watchulidwa kale, adasakanikirana ndi magulu a makolo ochokera ku Indian peninsula. Kusanganikirana kumeneku kunathandiza kwambiri kupanga mibadwo ya Amwenye aku South masiku ano.
Panthawi yomweyi, magulu ena pambuyo pa kugwa kwa chitukuko adalumikizana ndi a Steppe Pastoralists omwe adasamukira kuderali. Abusa a Steppe awa adayambitsa zinenero zoyambirira za Indo-European, zomwe zimalankhulidwabe ku India lero.
Mphamvu ya DNA yakale
Maphunziro odabwitsawa akuwunikira mphamvu zodabwitsa za DNA yakale pakuvumbulutsa zinsinsi za zitukuko zakale. Kusanthula kwa majini kumapereka chidziwitso pa chiyambi, kusamuka, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe komwe kunayambitsa mbiri ya anthu. Ngakhale maphunzirowa awunikira za Chitukuko cha Indus Valley, pali zambiri zoti mupeze.
Ofufuza akuyembekeza kukulitsa zoyeserera zawo zotsatizana ndi ma genome kuti aphatikizire anthu ambiri ochokera kumalo okumba kosiyanasiyana kudera la Indus. Pochita zimenezi, amayesetsa kudzaza mipata yambiri m'chidziwitso chathu ndikupeza chidziwitso chozama cha Indus Valley Civilization komanso madera ena akale ochokera kumadera osadziwika a dziko lapansi.
Kutsiliza
Maphunziro a majini pa Indus Valley Civilization apereka chidziwitso chamtengo wapatali pa zoyambira ndi zotengera zachitukuko chakalechi. Kusanthula kwa DNA yakale kwawonetsa zodabwitsa za mbiri yakale ya anthu aku Indus Valley, kulumikizana kwawo ndi anthu aku South Asia amakono, kusamuka komanso kusintha kwa chikhalidwe komwe kudapangitsa makolo a derali.
Maphunzirowa amakhala ngati umboni wa mphamvu ya DNA yakale pakuwunikira zakale. Pamene ochita kafukufuku akupitiriza kufotokoza zinsinsi za Indus Valley Civilization ndi madera ena akale, tikhoza kuyembekezera kumvetsetsa mozama za mbiri yathu yogawana nawo.
