Zowopsa za ngozi ya nyukiliya ya Fukushima Daiichi

Ngozi ya nyukiliya ya Fukushima Daiichi inali ngozi ya nyukiliya ku Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant ku Ōkuma, m'chigawo cha Fukushima. Kutsatira chivomerezi chachikulu, tsunami ya 15 mita idalepheretsa magetsi ndi kuzirala kwa makina atatu a Fukushima Daiichi, ndikupangitsa ngozi ya nyukiliya pa Marichi 11, 2011. Ma cores onse atatu anasungunuka kwambiri m'masiku atatu oyamba. Chifukwa cha kutulutsa kwaposachedwa kwambiri kwa radioactive kwa masiku 4 mpaka 6, akuti ndi ngozi yoopsa kwambiri ya zida za nyukiliya kuyambira pomwe Ngozi ya 1986 ku Chernobyl, ndi tsoka lina lokhalo kulandira gawo la 7 la International Nuclear Event Scale (INES).

Magetsi ndi chinthu chowopsa. Simungazione, kuzilawa kapena kuzimva, koma tonse tikudziwa kuti kukhudzana kumatha kuyambitsa khansa, komanso, mopitirira muyeso, kumatha kuwononga maselo athu, kutitsogolera kuimfa yoyipa. Ndiye tikukumana ndi zoopsa zotani kuchokera ku Fukushima ku Japan?

Ngozi ya Nyukiliya ya Fukushima Daiichi

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant ili ndi makina asanu ndi amodzi otentha amadzi omwe adapangidwa koyambirira ndi General Electric (GE) ndikuyang'aniridwa ndi Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO). Ngoziyi idayambitsidwa ndi a Chivomerezi cha Tōhoku ndi tsunami Lachisanu, 11 Marichi 2011. Pozindikira chivomerezichi, ma Reactor 1, 2 ndi 3 omwe adachita okha adatseka zomwe akuchita.

Kumbali inayo, Reactors 4, 5, ndi 6 anali atatsekedwa kale kukonzekera mafuta. Komabe, maiwe awo omwe amawononga mafuta amafunikirabe kuzirala. Chifukwa chamayendedwe amakina ndi zovuta zina za gridi, magetsi adakanika, ndipo ma jenereta azizimezime amagetsi adayamba zokha. Modzidzimutsa, anali kupatsa mphamvu mapampu omwe amafalitsa ozizira kudzera pamakina a ma reactor kuti athetse kutentha. Mapampu awa amafunikira kuti azizungulira madzi ozizira mosalekeza kudzera m'makina opangira magetsi kwa masiku angapo kuti ndodo za nyukiliya zisatenthe, chifukwa ndodozo zimapitilizabe kutulutsa kutentha pambuyo poti fission itatha.

Chivomerezicho chinapanga tsunami wamtunda wa mamita 14 womwe unasesa kunyanja yamchere ndikusefukira pansi pamunsi pazomera za Units 1-4 nyumba zamadzi ndi madzi am'nyanja, ndikudzaza zipinda zapansi ndikuwononga ma jenereta azadzidzidzi a Reactors 1-5. Mafunde akuluakulu a tsunami anali okwera mita 13-14 ndikukwera pafupifupi mphindi 50 chitachitika chivomerezi choyambirira, chomwe chidakokomeza khoma lanyanja, lomwe linali lokwera mita 10. Mphindi yakukhudzidwa idalembedwa ndi kamera.

Popeza magudumu adawonongedwa ndi tsunami, mphamvu zoyang'anira mbewuzo tsopano zasintha kupita ku mabatire omwe amapangira mphamvu pafupifupi maola asanu ndi atatu. Mabatire enanso ndi ma jenereta am'manja amatumizidwa pamalowo, koma anachedwa ndi misewu yovuta. Oyamba anafika 9:00 PM pa 11 Marichi, pafupifupi maola asanu ndi limodzi kuchokera pomwe tsunami idagunda.

Kuzizira kwakukulu tsopano kudalira mapampu achiwiri oyendetsedwa ndi mabatire amagetsi obwezeretsa, koma izi zidatha mphamvu pa 12 Marichi, tsiku limodzi pambuyo pa tsunami. Mapampu amadzi adayimilira ndipo ma reactor adayamba kutenthedwa. Kuperewera kwa madzi ozizira pamapeto pake kunadzetsa kusungunuka kwa nyukiliya katatu, kuphulika katatu kwa haidrojeni, ndikutulutsa kuipitsidwa kwa nyukiliya mu Units 1, 2 ndi 3 pakati pa 12 ndi 15 Marichi.

Mu Reactors 1, 2, ndi 3, kutentha kwambiri kunayambitsa kuyankha pakati pamadzi ndi zircaloy - aloyi wa zirconium omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo wa zida za nyukiliya, monga kuphimba kwa ndodo zamafuta mu zida za nyukiliya, makamaka zotengera madzi - kupanga mpweya wa hydrogen. Zotsatira zake, kuphulika kwamankhwala angapo a hydrogen-air kunachitika, woyamba ku Unit 1 pa 12 Marichi ndipo womaliza ku Unit 4, pa 15 Marichi.

Dziwe lamafuta lomwe lidatsekedwa kale la Reactor 4 lidakwera kutentha pa 15 Marichi chifukwa cha kuwola kwa kutentha kuchokera kumitengo yamafuta anyukiliya yomwe idangowonjezedwa kumene, koma sinaphike mokwanira kuti iwulule mafutawo. Ma jenereta awiri a Reactor 6 yozizira sanasokonezedwe ndipo anali okwanira kukakamizidwa kuti athandize kuziziritsa Reactor 5 yoyandikana nawo limodzi ndi makina awo oyendetsera zinthu, kuti athetse mavuto otentha omwe ena adakumana nawo.

Kuyesera kosapambana kunapangidwa kulumikiza zida zopangira zotengera ndi mapampu amadzi amagetsi. Kulephera kunachitika chifukwa cha kusefukira kwamadzi polumikizira m'chipinda chapansi cha Turbine Hall komanso kusakhala ndi zingwe zoyenera. TEPCO yasintha zoyesayesa zake kukhazikitsa mizere yatsopano kuchokera pa gridi. Jenereta m'modzi ku unit 6 adayambiranso kugwira ntchito pa 17 Marichi, pomwe magetsi akunja adabwerera ku mayunitsi 5 ndi 6 pa 20 Marichi okha.

Zovuta Za Masoka Achilengedwe a Fukushima

Patangopita masiku ochepa chichitikireni ngoziyi, ma radiation atatulutsidwa m'mlengalenga adakakamiza boma kuti lilenge malo opitilira anthu ochulukirachulukira mozungulira chomeracho, mpaka kufika pamalo opulumukirako omwe ali ndi radius 20 km. Zonsezi zanenedwa, anthu pafupifupi 154,000 adasamutsidwa kuchokera kumadera oyandikana ndi chomeracho chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa ma radiation ozungulira oyambitsidwa ndi kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya kuchokera ku makina owonongeka.

Madzi ochuluka omwe adayipitsidwa ndi ma radiootototototot adatulutsidwa m'nyanja ya Pacific nthawi komanso pambuyo pangozi. Michio Aoyama, pulofesa wa radioisotope geoscience ku Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, akuti 18,000 terabecquerel (TBq) ya radioactive cesium 137 idatulutsidwa ku Pacific panthawi ya ngoziyi, ndipo mu 2013, 30 gigabecquerel (GBq) ya cesium 137 idakalipobe ikuyenda kunyanja tsiku lililonse. Wogwira ntchitoyo wapanga makoma atsopano m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi ndikupanganso "khoma lamadzi oundana" la 1.5 km kutalika kwa nthaka yozizira kuti aletse kuyenda kwa madzi owonongeka.

Ngakhale pakhala pali mikangano mosalekeza pazokhudza zovuta zaumoyo, lipoti la 2014 la United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) ndi World Health Organisation silinanene zakuchulukirachulukira kwa kupita padera, kubadwa kwa ana akufa kapena matenda amthupi ndi amisala m'makanda wobadwa pambuyo pangozi. Dongosolo lopitilira kuyeretsa malo omwe akhudzidwa ndikuwononga chomeracho chimatenga zaka 30 mpaka 40, kuyerekezera kasamalidwe ka mbewu.

Pa 5 Julayi 2012, National Diet yaku Japan Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission (NAIIC) idapeza kuti zomwe zayambitsa ngoziyi zidawonekeratu, ndikuti wogwira ntchitoyo, Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), adalephera kukwaniritsa chitetezo zofunikira monga kuwunika zoopsa, kukonzekera kukhala ndi kuwonongeka kwa ndalama, ndikupanga mapulani othawa.

State Present Of The Fukushima Daiichi Reactors

Pa Marichi 16, 2011, TEPCO idaganizira kuti 70% yamafuta mu Unit 1 asungunuka ndipo 33% mu Unit 2, ndikuti pachimake pa Unit 3 pangakhalenso kuwonongeka. Pofika mu 2015, titha kuganiza kuti mafuta ambiri amasungunuka kudzera pachombo chamagetsi (RPV), chomwe chimadziwika kuti "chojambulira", ndipo chimakhala pansi pazombo zoyambira (PCV), atayimitsidwa ndi PCV konkire. Mu Julayi 2017, loboti yoyendetsedwa kutali yomwe idawonetsedwa kwa nthawi yoyamba mafuta osungunuka, pansipa pamadzi oyikira a Unit 3. Mu Januwale 2018, kamera ina yoyendetsedwa kutali idatsimikizira kuti zinyalala zamafuta anyukiliya zinali pansi pa Unit 2 PCV , akuwonetsa mafuta athawa ku RPV.

Reactor 4 sinkagwira ntchito pomwe chivomerezichi chidayamba. Zitsulo zonse zamafuta zochokera ku Unit 4 zidasamutsidwa kupita ku dziwe lamafuta lomwe lidagwiritsidwa ntchito kumtunda kwa nyumbayo tsunami asanachitike. Pa 15 Marichi, kuphulika kwa hydrogen kudawononga padenga lachinayi padenga la Unit 4, ndikupanga mabowo awiri akulu kukhoma la nyumba yakunja. Mwamwayi, sipanakhale kuwonongeka kwakukulu pamitengo yamafuta ya Reactor 4. Komabe, mu Okutobala 2012, kazembe wakale waku Japan ku Switzerland ndi Senegal, Mitsuhei Murata, adati nthaka yomwe ili pansi pa Fukushima Unit 4 ikumira, ndipo nyumbayo ikhoza kugwa. Mu Novembala 2013, TEPCO idayamba kusuntha ndodo 1533 zamafuta mu dziwe lozizira la Unit 4 kupita padziwe lapakati. Ntchitoyi idamalizidwa pa Disembala 22, 2014.

Kumbali inayo, Reactor 5 ndi 6 anali m'malo owopsa poti mayunitsi 5 ndi Unit 6 adagawana jenereta wogwira ntchito ndi switchgear panthawi yadzidzidzi ndikupeza kuzimitsa kozizira bwino, patatha masiku asanu ndi anayi ngoziyo itachitika, pa 20th Marichi. Ogwira ntchito pachomera amayenera kutulutsa zinyalala za nyukiliya zokwana matani 1,320 zomwe zimasonkhana kuchokera kumayenje amadzi kulowa munyanja kuti zisawonongeke.

Zotsatira

Ngakhale panalibe anthu omwe anafa chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwa radiation posachedwa izi zitachitika, panali anthu angapo (osagwirizana ndi radiation) omwe adafa panthawi yochotsa anthu oyandikana nawo. Kuyambira Seputembara 2018, kufa kwa khansa m'modzi kudamangidwa chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma, kubanja la omwe kale anali wogwira ntchito pasiteshoni. pomwe anthu pafupifupi 18,500 amwalira chifukwa cha chivomerezi ndi tsunami. Chiyerekezo chotsimikizika chomaliza cha kufa kwa khansa komanso kufooka kwa ziwopsezo malinga ndi lingaliro lodziwika bwino ndi 1,500 ndi 1,800, motsatana, koma ndi umboni wamphamvu kwambiri wopereka kuyerekezera kotsika kwambiri, mwa mazana angapo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwamavuto amisala pakati pa anthu omwe adasamutsidwa adakwera kasanu poyerekeza ndi avareji aku Japan chifukwa chakukumana ndi tsoka komanso kuthawa.

Mu 2013, World Health Organisation (WHO) idawonetsa kuti nzika zam'derali zomwe zidasamutsidwa zimawonongeka ndi ma radiation ochepa komanso kuti zovuta za radiation zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi ma radiation ndizotsika pang'ono.

Madzi Odetsedwa - Aopseza Anthu

Chotchinga cha nthaka yozizira chidamangidwa pofuna kuteteza kuipitsidwa kwina kwa madzi akunyanja osungunuka ndi mafuta a nyukiliya osungunuka, koma mu Julayi 2016 TEPCO idawulula kuti khoma la ayezi lidalephera kuyimitsa madzi apansi kuti asayende ndikusakanikirana ndi madzi owononga kwambiri mkati mwa omwe adawonongeka nyumba zamagetsi, ndikuwonjeza kuti "cholinga chake chachikulu ndikuti 'muchepetse' kulowa pansi pamadzi, osayimitsa". Pofika 2019, khoma lamadzi oundana lidachepetsa kulowa pansi kwa madzi kuchokera pa 440 cubic metres patsiku mu 2014 mpaka 100 cubic metres patsiku, pomwe kupangira kwamadzi koipitsidwa kunatsika kuchokera ku 540 cubic metres patsiku mu 2014 mpaka ma cubic metres patsiku.

Kuyambira mu Okutobala 2019, ma cubic mita a 1.17 miliyoni amadzi owonongeka adasungidwa m'deralo. Madzi akonzedwa ndi njira yoyeretsera yomwe ingachotse ma radionuclides, kupatula tritium, pamlingo womwe malamulo aku Japan amalola kuti aponyedwe kunyanja. Kuyambira Disembala 2019, 28% yamadzi anali atatsukidwa mpaka pamlingo woyenera, pomwe 72% otsala amafunikira kuyeretsedwa kwina. Komabe, tritium, isotope yosawerengeka kwambiri ya hydrogen yopangidwa mu mphamvu ya nyukiliya, siyingathe kulekanitsidwa ndi madzi. Kuyambira Okutobala 2019, kuchuluka kwa ma tritium m'madzi anali pafupifupi 856 terabecquelels, ndipo kuchuluka kwa tritium kunali pafupifupi ma megabecquerels a 0.73 pa lita.

Komiti yopangidwa ndi Boma la Japan inatsimikiza kuti madzi oyerawo ayenera kupita kunyanja kapena kusandulika m'mlengalenga. Komitiyi inaganiza kuti kutaya madzi onse kunyanja chaka chimodzi kungapangitse kuti anthu akumaloko azikhala ndi 0.81 microsieverts (μSv) kwa anthu akumaloko, pomwe evapape imatha kuyambitsa 1.2 microsieverts (μSv). Poyerekeza, anthu aku Japan amalandira ma microsieverts 2100 (ofanana ndi 2.1mSv) pachaka kuchokera ku radiation ya chilengedwe. Kumbukirani, 1mSv ndiye malire amtundu wapachaka wa anthu wamba, pomwe kwa akatswiri, atha kukhala mpaka 50mSv pachaka.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) ikuwona kuti njira yowerengera muyeso ndiyoyenera. Kuphatikiza apo, IAEA ikulimbikitsa kuti chisankho chokhudza madzi chiyenera kuchitidwa mwachangu. Ngakhale amphwayi, komiti yaku Japan ili ndi nkhawa kuti kutaya madzi kungawononge mbiri m'chigawochi, makamaka kwa asodzi komanso zokopa alendo. Matanki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira madziwo akuyembekezeka kudzazidwa pofika chilimwe 2022. Akatswiri anayi a United Nations omenyera ufulu wa anthu adalimbikitsa boma la Japan kuti lisafulumizitse kutulutsa madzi a radioak kuchokera ku fakitale ya zida za nyukiliya ya Fukushima mpaka atakambirana ndi anthu okhudzidwa ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo.

Malipoti Ofufuza Zakuwonongeka Kwa Nyukiliya ya Fukushima Daiichi

Mu 2012, Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission (NAIIC) idawulula kuti tsoka la nyukiliya linali "lopangidwa", ndikuti zoyambitsa ngozizo zinali zowonekeratu March 11, 2011 asanafike. Lipotilo lidapezanso kuti Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Chomera sichinathe kupirira chivomerezi ndi tsunami. TEPCO, mabungwe oyang'anira (NISA ndi NSC) ndi bungwe laboma lomwe limalimbikitsa makampani opanga zida za nyukiliya (METI), onse alephera kukhazikitsa bwino zofunikira zachitetezo - monga kuwunika kuthekera kwa kuwonongeka, kukonzekera kukhala ndi kuwonongeka kwa ndalama kuchokera ku tsoka, ndikukonzekera njira zopulumutsira anthu pakagwa radiation yoopsa.

TEPCO idavomereza koyamba pa 12 Okutobala 2012 kuti yalephera kuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu popewa masoka poopa kuyitanidwa kumilandu kapena ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi zida zake za nyukiliya. Palibe malingaliro omveka oti athetse chomeracho, koma oyang'anira mbewu ndi zaka makumi atatu kapena makumi anayi.

Mawu Final

Mu Julayi 2018, kafukufuku wofufuza za roboti apeza kuti kuchuluka kwa radiation kumakhalabe kochulukira kuti anthu azigwira ntchito m'nyumba imodzi yamakina a Fukushima. Pakati pa zochitika zosungunuka ku Fukushima, ma radioactivity adatulutsidwa ngati ma particles abwino omwe amayenda mlengalenga, nthawi yayitali mtunda wa makilomita makumi khumi, ndikukhazikika kumidzi yoyandikira. Mlengalenga sichidakhudzidwe pamlingo wowonekera, chifukwa ma particles ambiri amakhala m'madzi kapena m'nthaka yoyandikira chomeracho.

Pafupifupi zaka 9 zapita kuchokera pomwe ngozi ya nyukiliya ya Fukushima Daiichi idachitika. Tsopano, nzika zambiri zasamuka nyumba - ndikusunthira patsogolo, kukonzanso miyoyo yawo kwina. Ena amaopa kubwerera kumalo omwe kale anali atadzaza ndi ma radioactive tinthu. Komabe, anthu ena akuyamba kusefa kubwerera kudera lozungulira Fukushima. Mu 2018, maulendo kukayendera dera langozi la Fukushima adayamba. Kuchokera Chernobyl ku Tokaimura ku Fukushima, pakagwa tsoka lililonse la zida za nyukiliya, tidaphunzira kuti anthu angathe kugwira ntchito ya nyukiliya kapena chomera chamagetsi potsatira njira zoyenera, malamulo ndi mayendedwe koma timakhala osasamala za zinthu zonsezi mpaka titakumana ndi kutayika kwakukulu mu umunthu chifukwa cha ichi.