Erik the Red, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti Erik Thorvaldsson, anali wofufuza wodziwika bwino wa ku Norse yemwe adachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pakutulukira ndi kukhazikika kwa Greenland. Mtima wake waupandu, komanso kutsimikiza mtima kwake kosagwedezeka, zidamupangitsa kuti afufuze madera omwe sanatchulidwepo ndikukhazikitsa madera otukuka m'malo ovuta a Nordic. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza nkhani yochititsa chidwi ya wofufuza malo wa Viking Erik the Red, yomwe ikufotokoza za moyo wake waubwana, ukwati ndi banja, kuthamangitsidwa, ndi kumwalira kwake mwadzidzidzi.
Ubwana wa Eric the Red - mwana wothamangitsidwa
Erik Thorvaldsson anabadwa mu 950 CE ku Rogaland, Norway. Iye anali mwana wa Thorvald Asvaldson, munthu amene pambuyo pake anadzadziŵika bwino chifukwa cha kupha munthu. Pofuna kuthetsa mikangano, Thorvald anathamangitsidwa ku Norway, ndipo anayamba ulendo wonyenga kumadzulo ndi banja lake, kuphatikizapo Erik wamng'ono. Pambuyo pake anakhazikika ku Hornstrandir, dera lamapiri kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Iceland, kumene Thorvald anamwalira zaka chikwi zisanathe.
Ukwati ndi banja - kukhazikitsidwa kwa Eiriksstaðir
Erik the Red anakwatira Þjodhild Jorundsdottir ndipo pamodzi anamanga famu yotchedwa Eiriksstaðir ku Haukadalr (Hawksdale). Þjodhild, mwana wamkazi wa Jorundur Ulfsson ndi Þorbjorg Gilsdottir, adathandizira kwambiri moyo wa Erik. Malinga ndi miyambo yakale ya ku Iceland, banjali linali ndi ana anayi: mwana wamkazi dzina lake Freydis ndi ana aamuna atatu - wofufuza wotchuka Leif Erikson, Thorvald, ndi Thorstein.
Mosiyana ndi mwana wake wamwamuna Leif ndi mkazi wa Leif, amene m’kupita kwanthaŵi analandira Chikristu, Erik anapitirizabe kutsatira chipembedzo chachikunja cha Norse. Kusiyana kwachipembedzo kumeneku kunadzetsanso mkangano m’ukwati wawo, pamene mkazi wa Erik anatsatira Chikristu ndi mtima wonse, ngakhale kulamula tchalitchi choyamba cha Greenland. Erik sanazikonde ndipo anakakamirabe kwa milungu yake ya ku Norse - zomwe, nkhani za sagas, zinapangitsa Þjódhild kuti asagonane ndi mwamuna wake.
Kuthamangitsidwa - mikangano yambiri
Potsatira mapazi a abambo ake, Erik adapezeka kuti nayenso ali ku ukapolo. Mkangano woyamba udachitika pomwe akapolo ake (akapolo) adasefukira pafamu yoyandikana ndi Eyjolf the Foul, mnzake wa Valthjof, ndipo adapha zipolopolozo.
Pobwezera, Erik adadzitengera yekha ndikupha Eyjolf ndi Holmgang-Hrafn. Achibale ake a Eyjolf adafuna kuti Erik athamangitsidwe ku Haukadal, ndipo anthu a ku Iceland adamulamula kuti akakhale ku ukapolo zaka zitatu chifukwa cha zochita zake. Panthawi imeneyi, Erik anakabisala pa Brokey Island ndi Öxney (Eyxney) Island ku Iceland.
Mkangano ndi kuthetsa
Kuthamangitsidwako sikunathetse mkangano pakati pa Erik ndi adani ake. Erik adapatsa Thorgest ndalama zake zomwe amazikonda kwambiri komanso matabwa okongoletsedwa amtengo wapatali omwe adachokera ku Norway ndi abambo ake. Komabe, Erik atamaliza kumanga nyumba yake yatsopano n’kubwerera ku setokkr, Thorgest anakana kuwapereka.
Erik atatsimikiza mtima kubweza katundu wake wamtengo wapatali, anaganiza zoyambiranso kuchita zinthuzo. Mkangano womwe unatsatira, sanangotenga sestokkr komanso kupha ana a Thorgest ndi amuna ena ochepa. Chiwawa chimenechi chinakulitsa mkhalidwewo, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mkangano uchuluke pakati pa magulu otsutsanawo.
“Zitatha izi, aliyense wa iwo anali ndi anthu ambiri kunyumba kwake. Styr anathandizira Erik, monganso Eyiolf wa ku Sviney, Thorbjiorn, mwana wa Vifil, ndi ana a Thorbrand wa Alptafirth; pamene Thorgest anachirikizidwa ndi ana a Thord the Yeller, ndi Thorgeir wa Hitardal, Aslak wa ku Langadal ndi mwana wake Illugi.”Saga ya Eric the Red.
Mkanganowo unatha chifukwa cha kulowererapo kwa msonkhano womwe umadziwika kuti Thing, womwe unaletsa Erik kwa zaka zitatu.
Kupezeka kwa Greenland
Ngakhale mbiri yakale imati Erik the Red ndiye woyamba ku Europe kupeza Greenland, ma sagas aku Icelandic akuwonetsa kuti Norsemen adayesa kuthetsa izi pamaso pake. Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti Gunnbjörn Ulf-Krakuson, amadziwika kuti ndi amene adawona malo oyamba, omwe adawombedwa ndi mphepo yamkuntho ndipo adatcha Gunnbjörn's skerries. Snæbjörn galti adayenderanso Greenland ndipo, malinga ndi zolembedwa, adatsogolera kuyesa koyamba kwa Norse kulanda dziko, zomwe zidalephera. Erik the Red, komabe, anali woyamba kukhala wokhazikika.
Pamene anali ku ukapolo mu 982, Erik anapita kudera limene Snæbjörn anayesetsa kulikhazikitsa zaka zinayi zapitazo. Iye anayenda mozungulira nsonga ya kum’mwera kwa chisumbucho, chomwe pambuyo pake chinatchedwa Cape Farewell, ndi kukwera gombe lakumadzulo, kumene anapeza malo ambiri opanda ayezi okhala ndi mikhalidwe yonga Iceland. Anafufuza malowa kwa zaka zitatu asanabwerere ku Iceland.
Erik anapereka malowo kwa anthuwo monga “Greenland” kuti awanyengerere kuti alikhazikitse. Iye anadziŵa kuti chipambano cha kukhazikika kulikonse ku Greenland kukafunikira chichirikizo cha anthu ambiri momwe kungathekere. Anachita bwino, ndipo ambiri, makamaka “ma Viking aja okhala m’malo osauka a ku Iceland” ndi awo amene anali ndi “njala yaposachedwapa”—anakhulupirira kuti Greenland inali ndi mwaŵi waukulu.
Erik anabwerera ku Greenland mu 985 ndi gulu lalikulu la zombo za atsamunda, khumi ndi zinayi zomwe zinafika khumi ndi chimodzi zitatayika panyanja. Adakhazikitsa midzi iwiri kugombe lakumwera chakumadzulo, Kum'mawa ndi Kumadzulo, ndipo Middle Settlement akuganiziridwa kuti inali gawo la Kumadzulo. Erik adamanga malo a Brattahlíð ku Eastern Settlement ndipo adakhala mfumu yayikulu. Malo okhalamo anakula, kufika pa anthu 5,000, ndipo anthu ochuluka ochokera ku Iceland anafikako.
Imfa ndi cholowa
Mwana wa Erik, Leif Erikson, adzapitiriza kutchuka monga Viking woyamba kufufuza dziko la Vinland, lomwe amakhulupirira kuti lili ku Newfoundland yamakono. Leif anapempha bambo ake kuti ayende nawo pa ulendo wofunika kwambiri umenewu. Komabe, monga momwe nthano imanenera, Erik adagwa pahatchi yake panjira yopita m'sitimayo, kutanthauzira ngati tsoka loyipa ndikusankha kusapitilira.
Mwatsoka, pambuyo pake Erik anagwera m’matenda a mliri umene unapha miyoyo ya atsamunda ambiri ku Greenland m’nyengo yachisanu pambuyo pa kuchoka kwa mwana wake. Gulu limodzi la anthu othawa kwawo omwe adafika mu 1002 adabweretsa mliriwu. Koma koloniyo inakulanso ndipo inakhalapo mpaka Kamng’ono Ice Age anapangitsa malowa kukhala osayenera kwa anthu a ku Ulaya m’zaka za m’ma 15. Kuukira kwa achifwamba, mikangano ndi Inuit, ndi kutayidwa kwa dziko la Norway ndi chigawochi zinapangitsanso kuchepa kwake.
Ngakhale kuti anamwalira mosayembekezereka, cholowa cha Erik the Red chidakalipo, cholembedwa m'mbiri yakale monga wofufuza wopanda mantha komanso wolimba mtima.
Kuyerekeza ndi saga ya Greenland
Pali kufanana kochititsa chidwi pakati pa Saga ya Erik the Red ndi nthano ya Greenland, onse amafotokoza maulendo ofanana ndi omwe amakhala ndi anthu obwerezabwereza. Komabe, palinso kusiyana kwakukulu. M'mbiri ya Greenland, maulendowa akufotokozedwa ngati njira imodzi yotsogozedwa ndi Thorfinn Karlsefni, pomwe mbiri ya Erik the Red imawawonetsa ngati maulendo osiyana okhudza Thorvald, Freydis, ndi mkazi wa Karlsefni Gudrid.
Komanso, malo okhalamo amasiyana pakati pa maakaunti awiriwa. Nkhani ya ku Greenland imatchula malo okhala ku Vinland, pomwe nkhani ya Erik the Red imatchula midzi iwiri yokhazikika: Straumfjǫrðr, komwe amakhala nyengo yachisanu ndi masika, ndi Hop, komwe adakumana ndi mikangano ndi anthu amtundu wa Skraelings. Nkhanizi zimasiyana pakugogomezera kwawo, koma zonse zikuwonetsa zomwe Thorfinn Karlsefni ndi mkazi wake Gudrid adachita.
Mawu omaliza
Erik the Red, wofufuza malo wa Viking amene anatulukira Greenland, anali munthu wokonda ulendo weniweni amene mzimu wake wolimba mtima ndi kutsimikiza mtima kwake zinatsegula njira yokhazikitsira midzi ya anthu a ku Norse m’dziko losachereza limeneli. Kuchokera pa kuthamangitsidwa kwake ndi kuthamangitsidwa kupita ku zovuta za m'banja ndi imfa yake, moyo wa Erik unali wodzaza ndi mayesero ndi kupambana.
Cholowa cha Erik the Red chikukhalabe ngati umboni wa mzimu wosagonjetseka wofufuza, kutikumbutsa za zodabwitsa zomwe amalinyero akale a ku Norse anachita. Tiyeni tikumbukire Erik the Red monga munthu wodziwika bwino yemwe mopanda mantha adapita kosadziwika, kulemba dzina lake kosatha m’mbiri ya mbiri.
Pambuyo powerenga za kupezeka kwa Erik the Red ndi Greenland, werengani za Madoc omwe amati adapeza America pamaso pa Columbus; ndiye werengani za Maine Penny - ndalama za Viking za m'zaka za zana la 10 zomwe zinapezeka ku America.
