Gene ndi gawo limodzi lokha la DNA. Mwachitsanzo, pakhoza kukhala jini kapena mitundu iwiri ya utoto wa tsitsi, utoto wa maso, kaya kaya timadana ndi tsabola wobiriwira, ndi zina zotero. Ndi mndandanda wokha wa mamolekyulu olumikizidwa omwe amatchedwa "mabasiketi" omwe ali ndi gawo lazinthu kapena mapuloteni. Kumbali inayi, genome ndiye chophatikiza cha majini onse. Ngati timajambula majini ngati ziganizo, ndiye kuti titha kujambulitsa genome ngati buku lonse. Tikayang'ana majini, timada nkhawa kwambiri kuti akupanga chiyani. Tikawona ma genomes, tiyenera kuda nkhawa za momwe magulu amtundu amayamba kulumikizirana ndikukhudzirana.
Apa m'nkhaniyi, tapeza zina zodabwitsa komanso zodabwitsa kwambiri za DNA ndi genome zomwe zingakusangalatseni:
1 | Kukula Kwa Genome:
Matupi athu ndi 3.3Gb (b amatanthauza mabesi) kukula kwake. HIV ndi 9.7kb yokha. Mtundu wodziwika kwambiri wa ma virus ndi 2.47Mb (pandoravirus salinus). Mtundu wodziwika bwino kwambiri wamtundu wambiri ndi 130Gb (nsomba zamapapu). Chomera chachikulu kwambiri chodziwika ndi 150Gb (Paris japonica). Genome yaikulu kwambiri yodziwika ndi ya Amoeboid omwe kukula kwake ndi 670Gb, koma izi zikutsutsidwa.
2 | Kwatalika Kwambiri Kuposa Maganizo Athu:
Ngati zingasunthike ndikulumikizana, zingwe za DNA m'maselo anu onse zimakhala zazitali 6. Ndi ma cell 100 trilioni mthupi lanu, ndiye kuti DNA yanu yonse ikadatha kumapeto, imatha kupitilira ma 110 biliyoni. Awo ndi maulendo mazana ambiri ozungulira dzuwa!
3 | Methylation Imapangitsa Kusiyanasiyana:
Kuphatikiza kwa gulu la methyl kumadera olemera a G ndi C a DNA kumapangitsa DNA kusagwira ntchito kapena kusagwira ntchito. Dera losalemba ma genome makamaka ndi methylated. Pochita izi, mawonekedwe amtunduwu amayendetsedwa epigenetically. Munthu aliyense ali ndi wapadera methylation chitsanzo chosiyana ndi ena. Kope limodzi la majini lidatengera kwa bambo pomwe lina kuchokera kwa mayi. Chifukwa chake mitundu iwiri ya methylation imakhalapo mwa mwana.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kumapeto kwa mimba, DNA yonse ya methylated imasandulika thupi kamodzi kwakanthawi ndikusinthidwa mosiyana ndi ma mather ndi amayi a DNA. Nthawi iliyonse yomwe methylation imasindikizidwanso panthawi yapakati.
4 | Chibadwa Chimangokhala Pafupifupi 3 Peresenti Mwa DNA Yanu:
Chibadwa ndi zigawo zazifupi za DNA, koma si ma DNA onse omwe ndi majini monga tidanenera kale. Zonse zanenedwa, majini ndi pafupifupi 1-3% ya DNA yanu. Ma DNA anu onse amalamulira zochita za majini anu.
5 | Adamu Anakhaladi ndi Moyo Zaka 208,304 Zapitazo!
Chibadwa chaumunthu chikuwonetsa kuti tonse timagawana kholo limodzi lamwamuna yemwe amatchedwa Y-Chromosomal Adam. Anakhala zaka pafupifupi 208,304 zapitazo.
6 | Wachinayi Ndi Ndani ??
Matupi athu amakono ali ndi DNA yochokera kwa makolo anayi osiyana siyana: Homo sapiens, Zakale, Ma Denisovans, ndi mtundu wachinayi womwe sunapezeke.
7 | Kodi Izi Zimawoneka Bwanji Pano?
Pali majini 45 omwe mtundu wa anthu 'udaba' kuchokera ku mitundu ina, monga mphutsi, ntchentche za zipatso ndi mabakiteriya. Sanapatsidwe chabe kuchokera kwa makolo athu akale. M'malo mwake, alumphira m'matupi amunthu mzaka zingapo zapitazi.
8 | Ndife tonse 99.9 Peresenti Mofanana:
Mwa magulu awiri biliyoni 3 mu genome laumunthu, 99.9% ndi ofanana ndi munthu wapafupi nafe. Ngakhale kupumula kwa 0.1% ndikomwe kumatipanga kukhala apadera, zikutanthauza kuti tonse ndife ofanana kuposa momwe timasiyana.
9 | Anthu Ndi Ofanana Ndi Chimpanzi:
97% ya genome yaumunthu ndiyofanana ndi chimpanzi pomwe 50% ya genome yaumunthu ikufanana ndi nthochi.
10 | Kalelo, Panali Munthu Wamaso Oyera:
Kusintha kwa majini a HERC2 omwe amapezeka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi maso abuluu kumangoganiza kuti kunachitika kamodzi kokha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti anthu onse okhala ndi maso abuluu amagawana kholo limodzi limodzi momwe kusinthaku kudachokera.
11 | Anthu aku Korea Sapereka Fungo Lathupi:
Anthu ambiri aku Koreya samatulutsa fungo la thupi chifukwa chakulamulira kwakukulu kwa jini ABCC11. Zotsatira zake, zonunkhiritsa ndizofunika kwambiri ku Korea.
12 | Chromosome 6p Kuchotsa:
Nkhani yokhayo yodziwika ya "Chromosome 6p Deletion" pomwe munthu samva kupweteka, njala, kapena kufunika kogona (ndipo pambuyo pake alibe mantha) ndi msungwana waku UK wotchedwa Olivia Farnsworth. Mu 2016, adagundidwa ndi galimoto ndikukokedwa mita 30, komabe sanamve kanthu ndipo adangovulala pang'ono.
13 | Phantom Wa Heilbronn:
Kuchokera mu 1993 mpaka 2008, DNA yomweyi idapezeka m'malo 40 aumbanda ku Europe, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti kafukufuku wa "Phantom wa Heilbronn“, Yemwe adapezeka kuti ndi mzimayi wogwira ntchito mufakitoni ya swab yemwe mosazindikira adadetsa swabs ndi DNA yake.
14 | DNA Yofanana ya Mapasa:
Ngakhale anali ndi umboni wa DNA wa omwe akukayikiridwayo, apolisi aku Germany sanathe kuzenga mlandu $ 6.8 miliyoni chifukwa DNA inali yamapasa ofanana Hassan ndi Abbas O., ndipo panalibe umboni wotsimikizira kuti ndi ndani mwa iwo amene anachititsa. Amapasa Omwe Ali Ndi DNA Yomweyo. Komabe, malinga ndi kafukufuku watsopano, ngakhale mapasa ofanana amagawana majini ofanana kwambiri, si ofanana ayi.
15 | Gene Yemwe Amachepetsa Kufunika Kokugona:
1-3% ya anthu amakhala ndi jini losinthidwa lotchedwa hDEC2 lomwe limalola matupi awo kupeza zina zonse zomwe amafunikira kuchokera pa maola 3 mpaka 4 okha ogona.
16 | Cholowa Chachibadwa:
Kafukufuku wa 2003 adapeza umboni woti DNA ya Genghis Khan ilipo mwa amuna pafupifupi 16 miliyoni omwe ali ndi moyo lero. Komabe, nkhani yochokera mu 2015 imati amuna ena khumi adasiya cholowa chawo chachikulu kwambiri kuposa Genghis Khan.
17 | Anthu Aku Blue A Kentucky:
Banja la anthu okhala ndi khungu labuluu limakhala ku Kentucky mibadwo yambiri. Othawa Kwa Mtsinje Wovuta Amaganiziridwa kuti apeza khungu lawo labuluu kudzera pakuphatikizana ndi mtundu wina wosiyanasiyana wabwinobwino wotchedwa methemoglobinemia.
18 | Anthu Omwe Ali Ndi Tsitsi Labwino Kukhala Ku Solomon Island:
Anthu ku Solomon Islands ali ndi jini yotchedwa TYRP1 yomwe imayambitsa tsitsi lalitali, ngakhale ali ndi khungu lakuda. Jini ili siligwirizana ndi lomwe limapangitsa kuti anthu azungu azungu asinthe ndikudziyimira pawokha.
19 | Gene Imathandizira Kutenga Oxygen Wambiri M'thupi Lathu:
Wothamanga wotchuka komanso mendulo ya Olimpiki ya nthawi 7 Eero Mäntyranta anali ndi kusintha kwa majini komwe kumamupangitsa kunyamula mpweya wokwanira 50% mthupi lake kuposa munthu wabwinobwino.
20 | Mudzi Wa Ogontha:
Pali mudzi wotchedwa Bengkala kumpoto kwa Bali, Indonesia, komwe chifukwa cha jini yochulukirapo yotchedwa DFNB3, anthu ambiri amabadwa osamva kuti anthu akumva amagwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chamanja chotchedwa Kata Kolok, ndipo amalankhula chimodzimodzi.
21 | Gene Yotsutsana ndi HIV:
Pali kusintha kwa jini CCR5, yotchedwa Delta 32, yomwe imayambitsa codon yoyimilira msanga mu jini. Kulembera kusanachitike kumatanthauza kuti maselo omwe asintha izi sangatenge kachilombo ka HIV. Anthu omwe ali ndi homozygous CCR5-Delta 32 amasintha kwathunthu kulimbana ndi kachilombo ka HIV
22 | Zokongola za Elizabeth Taylor:
Elizabeth Taylor anali ndi kusintha kwa majini kwa jini la FOXC2, lomwe linamupatsa mzere wowonjezera wa eyelashes.
23 | Zida Zosinthira:
Monga momwe timasinthira zithunzi ndi makanema athu, majini amunthu amathanso kusinthidwa kuti achotse majini olakwika kapena majini osagwira ntchito. Zida zosinthira monga CRISPR-Cas9, Sleeping beauty transposon system ndi ma vector amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika kapena kuchotsa kutsata kwa DNA. Pakadali pano, vuto lokhalo ndiloti zotsatira zakusintha kwa matupi athu sizimadziwika.
Komabe, mu 2015, njira yosinthira ma genome yotchedwa TALEN idagwiritsidwa ntchito pomaliza kuchiza khanda lotchedwa Layla, yemwe adapezeka kuti ali ndi khansa ya m'magazi. Njirayi idamuthandiza ndipo akufufuzidwa kuti athetse matenda osiyanasiyana. -
24 | Kusiyanasiyana kwa Supertaster Gene:
Pafupifupi kotala la anthu amakonda chakudya kwambiri kuposa tonsefe. 'Otsogola' awa amatha kuyika mkaka ndi shuga mu khofi wowawasa kapena kupewa zakudya zamafuta. Asayansi amaganiza kuti chifukwa chomwe amachitira izi, chimapangidwa kukhala chibadwa chawo, makamaka chomwe chimatchedwa TAS2R38, mtundu wowawa wa zowawa. Zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimayambitsa kulawa kwapamwamba zimadziwika kuti PAV, pomwe zosintha zomwe zimakhala ndi kuthekera kotsika pang'ono zimatchedwa AVI.
25 | Mtundu Woteteza Malungo:
Anthu omwe amanyamula matenda a chikwakwa-kutanthauza kuti ali ndi jini limodzi la chikwakwa ndi mtundu umodzi wabwinobwino wa hemoglobin - amatetezedwa ku malungo kuposa omwe alibe.
26 | Ma Octopus Amatha Kusintha Majini Awo Omwe:
Ma Cephalopods monga squids, cuttlefish ndi octopus ndi zolengedwa zanzeru kwambiri komanso zanzeru - kotero kuti athe kulembanso zambiri zamtundu wawo mu ma neuron awo. M'malo mokhala ndi jini imodzi ya protein imodzi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala, njira yotchedwa recoding imalola jini limodzi la octopus kutulutsa mapuloteni angapo. Asayansi atulukira kuti izi zimathandiza mitundu ina ya ku Antarctic "kuti mitsempha yawo iwonongeke m'madzi ozizira kwambiri."
