Zoonadi kuseri kwa Devil's Bible, buku la Harvard lomwe limangidwa pakhungu la anthu & Black Bible

Mbiri yeniyeni ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri kuposa zomwe tidaphunzitsidwa kusukulu yasekondale. Nokuba kuti mabbuku manji alakonzya kutugwasya kusyomeka kwiinda mukubelesya njiisyo zyabo, kuli bamwi bazyalwa munzila iikonzya kugwasya muntu kuti ajaye.

Baibulo la Mdyerekezi, Zotsatira za Mzimu ndi Baibulo lakuda Ndithu mabuku atatu amene magnetize anthu kusochera mwa iwo.

Codex Gigas - Baibulo la Mdyerekezi

Codex Gigas, lomwe kwenikweni limatanthauza kuti “Buku Lachikulu” m’Chingelezi, ndilo buku lalikulu kwambiri lokhalapo lokhalapo padziko lonse lapansi, lomwe ndi lalitali mainchesi 56. Amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zikopa za nyama zopitilira 160, ndipo zimafuna kuti anthu awiri azinyamula.

Codex Gigas lili ndi Baibulo lonse lachilatini lomasuliridwa m’Chilatini, komanso malemba ena ambiri, kuphatikizapo mabuku a Hippocrates ndi Cosmos wa ku Prague, osatchulanso zachipatala, malemba okhudza kutulutsa ziwanda ndi chithunzi chachikulu cha Mdyerekezi mwiniyo.

Mu July 1648, pa mikangano yomaliza ya Nkhondo Ya Zaka Makumi Atatu, asilikali a ku Sweden analanda katundu wa mumzinda wa Prague. Pakati pa chuma chimene anaba n’kubwera nacho pamene anabwerera kwawo panali buku lotchedwa Codex Gigas. Osati kokha Codex Gigas lodziwika kuti ndi buku lalikulu kwambiri lazaka zapakati padziko lapansi, koma chifukwa cha zomwe zili mkati mwake, limadziwikanso kuti Baibulo la Mdyerekezi.

Nazi mfundo zosangalatsa za Baibulo la Mdyerekezi:

• Baibulo la Mdyerekezi ndi mainchesi 36 wamtali, mainchesi 20 m'lifupi, ndi mainchesi 8.7 kukhuthala.
• Baibulo la Mdyerekezi muli masamba 310 opangidwa kuchokera ku vellum kuchokera ku abulu 160. Poyamba, Baibulo la The Devil’s Bible linali ndi masamba 320, koma patapita nthaŵi masamba khumi omalizira anadulidwa ndi kuchotsedwa m’bukulo.
• Baibulo la Mdyerekezi kulemera 75 kgs.
• Baibulo la Mdyerekezi inalinganizidwa kukhala ntchito ya mbiri yakale. Ndicho chifukwa chake lili ndi Baibulo la Chikhristu lathunthu, Nkhondo Yachiyuda ndi Zakale Zachiyuda yolembedwa ndi Flavius ​​Josephus (37-100 CE), encyclopedia yolembedwa ndi St. Isidor wa ku Seville (560-636 CE), ndi Mbiri ya Bohemia lolembedwa ndi mmonke wa ku Bohemian wotchedwa Cosmas (1045-1125 CE). Kuphatikiza pa malembawa, palinso malemba afupiafupi omwe akuphatikizidwanso, monga zachipatala, kulapa, ndi kutulutsa ziwanda.
• Chidziwitso cha mlembi amene adalenga Baibulo la Mdyerekezi sichidziwika. Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti bukuli ndi kulengedwa kwa munthu mmodzi, yemwe ayenera kuti anali mmonke wokhala ku Bohemia (lerolino ndi gawo la Czech Republic) mkati mwa theka loyamba la zaka za m'ma XNUMX.
• Kutengera kuchuluka kwa zolemba komanso tsatanetsatane wa zowunikira, akuti zidatenga zaka makumi atatu kuti bukuli limalizidwe. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mlembi wosadziwika akuwoneka kuti adapereka gawo lalikulu la moyo wake kulenga Baibulo la Mdyerekezi.
• Mu 1594, Baibulo la Mdyerekezi anabweretsedwa ku Prague kuchokera ku nyumba ya amonke ya Broumov, kumene anasungidwa kuyambira m’chaka cha 1420. Mfumu Rudolph II (1576–1612) anapempha kubwereka. Baibulo la Mdyerekezi. Analonjeza amonkewo kuti akamaliza ndi bukhulo, adzalibweza. Chimene iye ndithudi sanachite.
• Baibulo la Mdyerekezi wapatsidwa dzina chifukwa cha chithunzi chachikulu cha Mdyerekezi. Zithunzi za Mdyerekezi zinali zofala m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages koma chithunzichi ndi chapadera. Apa, Mdyerekezi akusonyezedwa yekha pa tsamba. Chithunzicho ndi chachikulu kwambiri - mainchesi khumi ndi asanu ndi anayi. Mdyerekezi wagwada n’kuyang’ana kutsogolo. Iye ali wamaliseche popanda ermine loincloth. Ermine amavalidwa ngati chizindikiro chachifumu. Amakhulupirira kuti Mdyerekezi wavala ermine m'chifaniziro ichi kusonyeza kuti iye ndi Kalonga wa Mdima.
• Pali nthano zingapo zozungulira kulengedwa kwa Baibulo la Mdyerekezi, ndipo onsewo amakhudza Mdyerekezi. Ndipo nthano yodziwika kwambiri ndi yoti mlembiyo adasinthanitsa moyo wake ndi Kalonga wa Mudima kuti amalize bukulo mu usiku umodzi.
• Patsamba lotsutsana ndi chithunzi cha Mdyerekezi pali chithunzi cha Mzinda wa Kumwamba. Izi zatanthauziridwa monga Yerusalemu Wakumwamba wotchulidwa mu Bukhu la Chivumbulutso. Zinali zofala m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages kusiya mabuku ofalitsidwa pazionetsero kuti apereke uthenga kwa amene anawaona. Amakhulupirira kuti uthenga womwe ukunenedwa pano ndi wosonyeza mphotho za moyo woopa Mulungu patsamba limodzi ndi zoopsa za moyo wauchimo patsamba lina.

Destinies of the Soul - buku lokhalo mu Harvard Library lomangidwa pakhungu la munthu

"Des destines de l'ame," or “Zotsatira za Moyo” mu Chingerezi, ndi buku la Harvard University lomwe lamangidwa pakhungu la munthu. Des destines de l'ame yakhala ku Houghton Library kuyambira m'ma 1930.

Wolemba Arsene Houssaye akuti adapereka bukulo kwa mnzake, a Dr. Ludovic Bouland, m'ma 1880. Kenako Dr. Bouland akuti adamanga bukuli ndi khungu kuchokera mthupi la wodwala wamkazi yemwe sanatchulidwe yemwe wamwalira mwachilengedwe.

The Harvard Laboratory nayenso anatsimikiza kuti kusanthula deta, kutengedwa pamodzi ndi chiyambi cha "Des destines de l'ame," tsimikizirani kuti ndi yomangidwa ndi khungu la munthu.

Mchitidwe wophatikiza mabuku pakhungu laumunthu - wotchedwa anthropodermic bibliopegy - adanenedwa kuyambira zaka za m'ma 16. Nkhani zambiri za m'zaka za zana la 19 zilipo za matupi a zigawenga zomwe zidaphedwa zomwe zidaperekedwa ku sayansi, zikopa zawo pambuyo pake zidaperekedwa kwa omwe amasunga mabuku.

Ili mkati "Des destines de l'ame" ndi mawu olembedwa ndi Dr. Bouland, onena kuti palibe chokongoletsera chomwe chinasindikizidwa pachikutocho kuti “chisungike kukongola kwake.” Iye analembanso kuti: “Ndinasunga kachigamba kachikopa kameneka kakuchotsedwa pamsana pa mkazi . . .

Bukuli, lomwe akuti limasinkhasinkha za moyo ndi moyo pambuyo paimfa, limakhulupirira kuti ndilo lokhalo lomangidwa pakhungu la munthu ku Harvard.

Baibulo lakuda

M’chaka cha 2000, akuluakulu a boma la Turkey analanda Baibulo lakale lodabwitsa kwambiri m’gulu la anthu ozembetsa zinthu m’dera la Mediterranean. Gulu la achifwambalo linaimbidwa mlandu wozembetsa zinthu zakale, kufukula mopanda lamulo, ndiponso kukhala ndi mabomba ophulika. Bukuli limadziwika kwambiri kuti "The Black Bible".

Atatulukira, buku lakale Baibulo lakuda idasungidwa mwachinsinsi kuyambira chaka cha 2000. Pambuyo pake mu 2008, idasamutsidwa ku Museum ya Ankaran Ethnography kuti iwonetsedwe. Malinga ndi malipoti, bukuli lili ndi zaka 1500 mpaka 2000 zomwe zidalembedwa ndi zilembo zagolide, pazikopa zomangika momasuka m'Chiaramu, chilankhulo cha Yesu Khristu.

Baibulo lakuda Zikuvumbulutsa kuti Yesu sanapachikidwa, kapena sanali mwana wa Mulungu, koma Mneneri. Bukuli limatchulanso Mtumwi Paulo kuti “Wonyenga”. Bukuli limanenanso kuti Yesu anakwera kumwamba ali wamoyo, ndipo Yudasi Isikarioti anapachikidwa m’malo mwake. Chomwe chakopa chidwi kwambiri ndi mawu omwe Yesu adalankhula pomwe zikuoneka kuti amalosera za kubwera kwa Muhamadi.

Is Baibulo lakuda zowona?

Timadziwa maonekedwe ndi zonena zodabwitsa za Baibulo lakuda ndizosangalatsa koma tsoka! kutulukira kodabwitsa kumeneku mwina kuli chinyengo, ntchito ya munthu wopeka amene, malinga ndi kunena kwa ena, akanatha kukhala katswiri wachiyuda wa ku Ulaya wochokera ku Middle Ages.

Atafufuza mosalakwitsa mawu aliwonse a m’bukuli, akatswiri a mbiri yakale afika pa mfundo yakuti Baibulo lakuda kunena kuti, bukhuli linalembedwadi ndi amonke a nyumba ya amonke yapamwamba ku Nineve, kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 16.

M'chigawo chimodzi, Baibulo lakuda imatchula magulu atatu ankhondo a Palestine panthawiyo, gulu lililonse linali ndi asilikali 200,000. Komabe, chiwerengero chonse cha Palestine zaka 1500 mpaka 2,000 zapitazo mwina sichinafike kwa anthu oposa 200,000, malinga ndi akatswiri ena. Mwachidule, zizindikiro zonsezi kuti tikulimbana ndi zabodza zodabwitsa.

Ndiye zinali liti Baibulo lakuda zolembedwadi?

Pali chidziwitso ndipo chikupezeka mu chaputala 217. Chiganizo chomaliza chimanena kuti mapaundi 100 a miyala adayikidwa pa thupi la Khristu ndipo izi zikuwonetsa kuti Baibulo lakuda inalembedwa posachedwapa: kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kwa mapaundi monga gawo la kulemera kwake kunayambira ku Ufumu wa Ottoman muzochita zake ndi Italy ndi Spain.

Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, Baibulo lakuda poyamba ankatchedwa Barnaba Woyera (Uthenga Wabwino wa Barnaba) ndipo linalembedwa ndi Myuda wina wa ku Ulaya ku Middle Ages yemwe ankadziwa bwino za Quran ndi Mauthenga Abwino. Anasakaniza mfundo ndi zinthu zonse koma zolinga zake sizikudziwikabe.