Mtolankhani wina anapeza lupanga laku China lomwe linali lowonekera pang'ono kuseri kwa kamtsinje kakang'ono ku Georgia mu July 2014. Zotsalira za 30 centimeter mwina ndi zamtundu wina zomwe zimapezeka ku North America ndipo zimawonjezera kuchulukitsidwa kwa zinthu zakale zaku China zomwe zimawoneka ngati zachikale zomwe zikuwonetsa maulendo aku China kupita ku North America munthawi ya Pre-Columbian.
Lupanga lokongolali ladziwika kuti linapangidwa ndi Lizardite ndipo lili ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba omwe akuwonetsa kuti ndi lakale kwambiri. Kuyesa kwamtsogolo kudzakhazikitsa mtundu wa mwala ndikulozera komwe kumachokera, popeza ma depositi a Lizardite amapezeka kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kwa hemispheres.
Mayankho a nthawi ya ndani, ndi momwe mafunso sakudziwikabe. Kuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyezera kutentha kwa thermoluminescence kuti adziwe nthawi yomwe dothi lomwe adachotsako adakumana ndi dzuwa komaliza kunalephereka popeza zidapezeka kuti nthaka yasokonezedwa.
Palinso kachigawo kakang'ono ka chinthu chosadziwika bwino chomwe chimamatira pamasamba chomwe chingakhale chovomerezeka pakupanga chibwenzi kwa radiocarbon, komanso kusankha magawo owonjezera omwe angapereke zambiri zothandiza.
Chizindikiro cha China
Zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe a lupanga, zonse zomwe zimapezeka pazinthu za jade zochokera ku Xia (2070-1600 BC), Shang (1600-1046 BC), ndi Zhou Dynasties, ndizosamveka bwino (1046-256 BC). Mzera wa Shang umaimiridwa ndi chinjoka cha chinjoka chomwe chili pamwamba pa tsambalo, monganso korona wa nthenga.
Chigoba chobisika cha nkhope ya Taotie pa alonda a lupanga ndi chogwirizira koyambirira chimachitika m'nthawi yachitukuko cha Liangzhu (3400-2250 BC), ngakhale chimapezeka nthawi zambiri mu nthawi ya Shang ndi Zhou. (Kucheza kwanu ndi Siu-Leung Lee, Ph.D., ndi ntchito yomwe isindikizidwa posachedwa.)
Kukhalapo kwa matenda a nthawi ya Shang, komanso kufanana kwa Taotie ndi zithunzi za Mesoamerican Olmec w ere-jaguar, zimapereka zidziwitso za nthawi yomwe lupanga linapangidwa komanso nthawi yovuta kuti lifike ku Georgia.
Chinese - Olmec kulumikizana?
Kwa zaka pafupifupi 1500, akatswiri akhala akukangana za kufanana kwa nthano za ku China ndi Olmec ndi zithunzithunzi. Mwina sizowopsa kuti chitukuko cha Olmec chinayamba pafupifupi XNUMX BC, kumayambiriro kwa Mzera wa Shang, ndikuti mbiri yakale yolembedwa ya China imayamba.
Zinakhala chiyambi cha Bronze Age, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale zojambula zokongola zamkuwa, magaleta amkuwa, ndi zida. Panthawi imeneyi, chikhalidwe choyambirira cha Chitchaina chinawonekera, pamodzi ndi machitidwe akuluakulu a ulimi wothirira ndi ntchito zina zapagulu, zomwe zimasonyeza anthu okhwima komanso osinthika.
Inalinso mphindi mu chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina pamene yade inali yamtengo wapatali kuposa golidi, ndipo olemekezeka a Olmec, omwe anali ndi migodi ya jade m'mayiko omwe tsopano akutchedwa Honduras ndi Guatemala, ankamva chimodzimodzi.
N'zotheka kuti Olmec, panthawi yawo ya Middle Formative (900-300 BC), adagonjetsa zovuta za kupanga ndi kubowola Jade (mwala wovuta kwambiri kuti sungathe kugwiridwa ndi zida zachitsulo) kukhala zidutswa zazing'ono zokongoletsa ndi zowonongeka ndi zipangizo zowonongeka. .
Kufanana pakati pa zaluso zaku China ndi Olmec ndizodabwitsa, ndipo kufananitsa kopambana kungapezeke mu Art and Ritual in Early Chinese and Mesoamerican Cultures, Santiago Gonzalez Villajos, 2009.
Kukhazikitsidwa kothekera kwa malingaliro achi China olamulira ndi kusanja, komanso chipembedzo chawo ndi zizindikilo, zidakhudza Olmec ndi mafuko omwe adalowa m'malo mwa Mesoamerican. Zinali zochitika zimene zikanafanana ndi zochitika m’zaka za m’ma 16 pamene ansembe achispanya anawoloka kumtunda ndi mtanda wachikristu.
Kodi lupangalo linafika bwanji ku Georgia? Zina mwazotheka:
Makhalidwe atsopanowa a chikhalidwe cha Olmec anayamba kufalikira kudera lonselo kuyambira 900 BC. Pali umboni wochuluka wosonyeza kuti iwo anali maziko a zikhalidwe zina zapanthaŵiyo ndiponso zamtsogolo, monga Amaya.
Zikhulupiriro zofunika za Olmec zinakhala nthawi yonse yogonjetsa ya m'zaka za zana la 16, komabe, zosinthidwa ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira za m'deralo ndi zosinthidwa pakapita nthawi. Chodabwitsa n’chakuti zina mwa mfundo zakalezi, monga kulima chimanga, zikugwiritsiridwa ntchito masiku ano ndi madera ena a ku Mesoamerica.
Kufalikira uku kukuganiziridwa kuti kudachitika chifukwa cha malonda a pamtunda wa Olmec ndi nyanja zam'mphepete mwa nyanja omwe amapereka malonda ofunikira komanso achilendo.
Chochititsa chidwi ndi chikhalidwe ichi, komanso chifukwa chake chikuwonetseredwa, ndi chakuti chinayamba pafupifupi 900 BC pamene Olmec inayamba kupanga zinthu zakale za Jade, monga momwe tafotokozera kale.
Kubalalika kwa zisindikizo zosindikizira zosalala ndi zozungulira, ukadaulo womwe umapezeka koyamba muzolemba zakale za Mesoamerica ndi Olmec, ndi chithunzi cha kukula kwa chikhalidwe ichi. Kusindikiza zisindikizo koyamba ku China panthawi ya Mzera wa Shang.
Miyambo ya Olmec inafalikira kumpoto
Pofika m'ma 800 BC, zisindikizo zinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumpoto kwa South America, makilomita pafupifupi 1700 kumwera kwa Olmec heartland, ndi mtunda wofanana kumpoto kwa Adena Culture (800 BC-1 AD) ku North America kumtunda kwa Ohio River Valley. Sikuti luso losindikiza linapita ku Ohio, komanso luso la Olmec.
Mlembiyu adapeza zofananira zachidutswa choyimirira chapakati chomwe chikuwonetsa Mtengo Wapadziko Lonse m'chigawo cha Nyanja ya Chalco kumwera kwa Mexico City yamakono komanso ku Veracruz pagombe la Gulf pofufuza zomwe sizinasindikizidwe pa piritsi la Adena lomwe lili pansipa.
Kukhalapo kwa zisindikizo kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko chosinthika cha Adena, pamodzi ndi umboni wina wochuluka kwambiri kuti ungafotokoze m'nkhani yaying'ono iyi, zikusonyeza kuti gulu lamphamvu la Mesoamerica linafika m'derali ndikusintha chikhalidwe cha anthu am'deralo.
Kubwerera ku Georgia. Mu 1685, Charles de Rochefort m'mbiri yake yokhudza Apalachites omwe adalanda madera akum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa America m'zaka za zana la 17, akulemba, "Thefe Apalachites amabvomereza, kuti adafalitsa maiko ena mpaka ku Mexico: Ndipo mpaka lero ali njira yayikulu yodutsa pamtunda, yomwe amatsimikizira kuti magulu awo ankhondo adaguba kumadera amenewo ... Atafika, anthu okhala dzikolo linawapatsa dzina lakuti Tlatuici, kutanthauza anthu okwera mapiri kapena okwera mapiri.”
"Anthu awa [Apalachite] amalumikizana ndi Nyanja ya Great Gulf ya Mexico kapena New Spain, kudzera mumtsinje umatero Rochefort," ...Anthu a ku Spain anatcha mtsinjewu kuti Riu del Spirito Santo” [Mtsinje wa Mississippi].
Ngakhale kuti zomwe Rochefort anapeza zimachokera ku Nyengo Yogonjetsa, amatsindika za malo omwe nthawi zina amanyalanyazidwa kapena kuchepetsedwa m'mbiri ya North America.
Zitukuko zambiri zomwe zidatenga dziko lomwe tsopano ndi Georgia ndi mayiko ena akumalire a Gulf of Mexico, komanso zilumba za Caribbean, Mexico, ndi South America, anali mbali ya chigawo cha Caribbean komwe aliyense ankadziwa anansi awo.
Chifukwa chake, ndi zomveka kunena kuti ndichifukwa chake mabwalo a mpira ndi mipira ya labala angapezeke ku Mesoamerica ndi kuzilumba za Caribbean.
Kuphatikiza apo, Olmec ndi Maya anali ndi ngalawa zazikulu zoyenda panyanja zoyenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Gulf, komanso zida zogwirira ntchito kuti zithandizire zofunikira m'matawuni akulu okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu ofanana ndi mizinda ikuluikulu yamasiku ano.
Mwachitsanzo, mchere, womwe ndi wofunika kwambiri kuti ukhalepo m’madera otentha, ankanyamulidwa ndi matani masauzande masauzande ambiri pamwezi kuchokera kumalo opangira mchere ku Yucatan kupita ku madoko odziwika bwino a mitsinje kuyambira ku Honduran Moskito Coast mpaka ku Tampico, ku Mexico.
Kupatula kukhala wonyowa komanso wowopsa m'mafunde olemera kuchokera kugombe la Moskito popanda zosungira moyo, nditha kutsimikizira kuchokera pamaulendo obwerezabwereza kuti kapangidwe ka chipika kamene kamagwira ntchito bwino.
Kupatulapo ma motors akunja a Yamaha, zombozi, zomwe sizinasinthe pakupanga kapena kapangidwe kake kuyambira Amaya, zikupitilizabe kubweretsa matani a ng'oma zamafuta okwana magaloni 50, chakudya, ndi anthu kulowa mkati mwa Honduran.
Chitukuko chodabwitsa cha Taino, chomwe chidasamuka kuchokera ku Venezuela pafupifupi 400 BC, ndipo a Caribes anali odziwa bwino kuyenda panyanja ya Gulf of Mexico ku Greater Antilles.
Christopher Columbus akulemba zolemba zambiri mu chipika chake cha mabwato akuluakulu a Taino odzaza ndi katundu wamalonda ndi apaulendo, kuyambira kutalika kwa 40 mpaka 79 mapazi. Chofunika kwambiri, zolemba zake zimasonyeza kuti a Taino ankadziwa za Calusa ku Florida ndi Amaya ku Yucatan.
Zonsezi zikusonyeza kuti zikhalidwe za dera la circum-Caribbean, ngakhale nthawi zakale kwambiri, zinkagwirizanitsidwa ndi madzi ndi njira zamtunda, zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso chotheka cha momwe lupanga ndi zojambula ziwiri za Olmec zinafika ku Georgia.
Ndiye, anali ku Georgia?
Chinthucho chokha ndi gawo la yankho. Muyenera kudabwa chifukwa chake wina anganyamule lupanga la Votive, lomwe limatanthauzidwa ngati chinthu “kusonyeza lumbiro lachipembedzo, chikhumbo, kapena chikhumbo: choperekedwa kapena chochitidwa monga chisonyezero chothokoza kapena kudzipereka kwa Mulungu”, ngati sanali Achitchaina.
Chachiwiri, lupanga silokhalo lodziwika bwino la ku China lomwe lapezeka kumeneko. Katswiri wina wa ku China, Dr. Lee, ananena kuti posachedwapa zinthu zina ziwiri zakale za ku China zapezeka pagalimoto patangodutsa maola awiri kuchokera pomwe panali lupanga. Akukonzekera kuphatikiza zinthuzi m'buku lamtsogolo. Pakhalanso zodabwitsa zazinthu zowonjezera zaku China, zojambula za rock art, ndi zizindikiro zomwe zapezeka kumwera kwa America.
Tsoka ilo, sipanawonekere kuti pali zowona zokwanira kuti akwaniritse mfundo yotsimikizika komanso yosatsutsika yomwe aliyense angagwirizane nayo pankhani ya mbiri yakale komanso zakale. Kotero, pa nthawi ino, funso "Kodi anali aku China ku Georgia?" zingayankhidwe kuti inde pamene pali umboni wokwanira woposa “Chigawo Chakukhulupiririka” cha munthu.
Lingaliro lomaliza
Pafupifupi zaka 90 Columbus asanalowe m'nyanja ya Caribbean, a Ming Chinese adatumiza ma flotilla motsogozedwa ndi Admiral Zheng He pa maulendo angapo opita kumadera ozungulira nyanja ya Indian Ocean kuti akapeze zinthu zakunja ndi mchere.
Ulendo woyamba wa Admiral unali ndi zombo pafupifupi 185:
62 kapena 63 baoshan kapena "zombo zamtengo wapatali" zinapangidwira ulendo woyamba, 440'-538' kutalika ndi 210' m'lifupi, masitepe anayi, masitepe asanu ndi anayi, kuchotsa matani pafupifupi 20-30,000, pafupifupi 1/3 mpaka 1/2 kusamuka kwa chonyamulira ndege chachikulu chapano.
Machuan kapena "zombo za akavalo", 340' kutalika ndi 138′ m'lifupi, masti 8, onyamula akavalo, matabwa okonzera, ndi katundu wa msonkho.
Liangchuan kapena "zombo za tirigu". 257′ m’litali mwake ndi 115’ m’lifupi, milongoti 7, yonyamula tirigu wa ogwira ntchito ndi asilikali.
Zuochuan kapena "zombo zankhondo, 220' m'litali ndi 84' m'lifupi, mast asanu ndi limodzi.
Zombo zankhondo za Zhanchuan, 165′ kutalika, 5 mast.
27-28,000 akuyerekeza amalinyero, asirikali, omasulira, ndi ogwira nawo ntchito.
