Asayansi achita chidwi kwambiri ndi zochitika za ku Ulaya. Mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya apeza matupi osawerengeka omwe amasungidwa ndi nyengo yozizira, acidic ndi organic compounds. Komabe, ngakhale ataphunzira mozama, mpaka pano ofufuza ali ndi chithunzi chonse cha zochitika za thupi la bog.
Gulu lina lapadziko lonse la akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale launika mabwinja akale ambiri opezeka m'madambo a ku Ulaya, ndipo anapeza kuti “mabwinja” ameneŵa anali mbali ya mwambo umene unatenga zaka masauzande ambiri. Anthu adayikidwa m'manda kuyambira nthawi yakale mpaka kalekale. Gululo linapezanso kuti pamene imfa yadziŵika chifukwa cha imfa, ambiri anatha mwachiwawa.
Matupi angapo amadzi ndi otchuka chifukwa chosungidwa bwino, monga Lindow Man waku United Kingdom, Tollund Man waku Denmark ndi Yde Girl waku Netherlands. Anthuwa amapereka chithunzithunzi cha moyo wakale, ndi ofufuza omwe amatha kukonzanso zambiri monga zakudya zawo zomaliza komanso zomwe zimayambitsa imfa-ambiri anaphedwa, ndipo amatanthauzidwa kukhala nsembe zaumunthu. Komabe, zitsanzo zosungidwa bwino zimenezi ndi zochepa chabe za zimene zapezedwa.
"Kwenikweni anthu zikwizikwi akumana ndi mathero awo m'mabwalo, koma atapezekanso zaka zingapo pambuyo pake pakudula peat," adatero Doctor Roy van Beek, waku Wageningen University, "Zitsanzo zosungidwa bwino zimangonena gawo laling'ono la nkhani yayikuluyi. .”
Chifukwa chake, Doctor van Beek ndi gulu la akatswiri ofufuza achi Dutch, Sweden, ndi Estonia ayamba kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane za matupi mazana ambiri omwe amapezeka ku Europe. Kafukufuku wawo, wofalitsidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Antiquity, adasanthula anthu opitilira 1,000 ochokera kumasamba 266 kudera lonselo kuti amvetsetse bwino za matupi abodza.
Matupi a bog omwe akufufuzidwa mu kafukufukuyu akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu akuluakulu: "bog mummies," matupi otchuka okhala ndi khungu losungidwa, minofu yofewa, ndi tsitsi; “mafupa a mafupa,” matupi athunthu, amene mafupa ake okha ndiwo asungidwa; ndi zotsalira zina za bog mummies kapena mafupa.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matupi makamaka imabwera chifukwa cha kusungidwa kosiyanasiyana: matumba ena ndi oyenera kusunga minofu ya anthu, pomwe ena amasunga mafupa bwino. Chotero, kugaŵidwako sikumatiuza zambiri ponena za khalidwe la munthu wakale, ndipo kusumika maganizo pa mtundu umodzi wokha kumatsogolera ku chithunzi chosakwanira.
“Kafukufuku watsopanoyu akusonyeza kuti kugogomezera kwakukulu kwa kafukufuku wofukulidwa m’mabwinja wam’mbuyo pa kagulu kakang’ono ka mitembo yochititsa chidwi kameneka kwasokoneza maganizo athu,” anatero Doctor van Beek, “Magulu onse atatuwa amapereka chidziŵitso chamtengo wapatali, ndipo powaphatikiza chithunzi chatsopano chonse chimatuluka. ”
Kuyang'ana mitundu yonse itatu ya zipolopolo kumawonetsa kuti ndi gawo lamwambo wazaka chikwi, wozika mizu. Chodabwitsachi chimayambira kum'mwera kwa Scandanavia nthawi ya Neolithic, cha m'ma 5000 BC, ndipo pang'onopang'ono chimafalikira ku Northern Europe. Zopeza zazing'ono kwambiri, zomwe zimadziwika kuchokera ku Ireland, United Kingdom ndi Germany, zimasonyeza kuti mwambowu unapitirira mpaka ku Middle Ages komanso kumayambiriro kwa masiku ano.
Kafukufuku watsopano akuwonetsanso kuti zambiri zomwe zapeza zikuwonetsa umboni wachiwawa. Kumene kukanadziŵika chifukwa cha imfa, ambiri akuoneka kuti anafa moipitsitsa ndipo mwachionekere anasiyidwa mwadala m’mavuto. Chiwawa chimenechi kaŵirikaŵiri chimatanthauzidwa kukhala nsembe zamwambo, zigawenga zophedwa, kapena ozunzidwa. Komabe, m’zaka mazana angapo zapitazi, magwero olembedwa akusonyeza kuti panali chiŵerengero chokulira cha imfa zangozi m’mabogi, komanso kudzipha.
“Izi zikusonyeza kuti sitiyenera kuyang’ana kalongosoledwe kamodzi kokha pa zopezedwa zonse,” anatero Dokotala van Beek, “kufa mwangozi ndi kudzipha kungakhalenso kofala kwambiri m’nthaŵi zakale.”
Gululo lidazindikiranso kuti pali malo omwe amakhudza matupi a bog: madambo pomwe mabwinja a anthu angapo apezeka. Nthawi zina, zomwe zapezedwazi zimawonetsa mchitidwe umodzi monga kuikidwa m'manda kwa anthu ambiri omwe anamwalira pankhondo. Ziphuphu zina zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza ndipo zotsalira za anthu zinkatsagana ndi zinthu zina zambiri zomwe zimatanthauzidwa ngati zopereka zamwambo, kuyambira mafupa a nyama kupita ku zida zamkuwa kapena zokongoletsera. Ziphuphu zoterozo zimatanthauzidwa kukhala malo ampatuko, amene ayenera kuti anali ofunika kwambiri m’chikhulupiriro cha anthu akumaloko. Gulu linanso lochititsa chidwi limapangidwa ndi malo otchedwa “malo ofunkhapo nkhondo,” kumene kumapezeka zida zambiri pamodzi ndi mabwinja a anthu.
"Konsekonse, chithunzi chatsopano chochititsa chidwi chomwe chikuwonekera ndi chimodzi mwazochitika zakale, zosiyana ndi zovuta, zomwe zimafotokoza nkhani zambiri zokhudza anthu akuluakulu monga chiwawa, chipembedzo ndi kutayika komvetsa chisoni," adatero Doctor van Beek.
Phunzirolo linasindikizidwa nyuzipepala ya Antiquity yolembedwa ndi Cambridge University Press pa 10 January 2023.
