Malinga ndi zolemba zakale, panali nthawi ku Igupto wakale, dziko la Farao lisanalamulidwe ndi anthu kumene anthu ochokera kumwamba adalamulira dzikolo. Zinthu zodabwitsazi zimatchedwa 'Milungu' kapena 'Demigods' omwe adakhala ndikulamulira ku Egypt wakale kwazaka zikwi.
Chinsinsi cha Mndandanda wa Mfumu ya Turin
Mndandanda wa King Turin ndi mndandanda wamalemba kuyambira nthawi ya Ramesside. "Canon" kwenikweni ndi mndandanda kapena mndandanda wamalemba kapena malamulo wamba. Mawuwa amachokera ku liwu lachi Greek lomwe limatanthauza "lamulo" kapena "chingwe choyezera".
Mwa onse omwe amatchedwa mayina amfumu ku Egypt wakale, Mndandanda wa King Turin ndiye wofunikira kwambiri. Ngakhale idawonongeka kwambiri, imapereka chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri kwa akatswiri aku Egypt komanso chimagwirizana ndi zomwe Manetho adalemba kale ku Egypt.
Kupezeka kwa Mndandanda wa Mfumu ya Turin
Yolembedwa mu njira yakale yolembera yotchedwa hieratic, Turin Royal Canon Papyrus idagulidwa ku Thebes ndi kazembe waku Italy komanso wofufuza malo Bernardino Drovetti mu 1822, paulendo wake wopita ku Luxor.
Ngakhale poyamba idali yolimba ndipo idayikidwa m'bokosi pamodzi ndi mapepala ena amipukutu, zikopazo zidagwera zidutswa zambiri pofika nthawi ku Italy, ndipo zimayenera kumangidwanso ndikumasulira movutikira.
Zidutswa 48 za malembedwewa adasonkhanitsidwa koyamba ndi katswiri wazaka zaku France waku Egypt a Jean-Francois Champollion (1790-1832). Pambuyo pake, zidutswa zina zana zidalumikizidwa pamodzi ndi wofukula mabwinja waku Germany ndi America Gustavus Seyffarth (1796-1885). Olemba mbiri yakale akupezabe ndikusanthula zidutswa zosowa za Mndandanda wa Mfumu ya Turin.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zobwezeretsa zidapangidwa mu 1938 ndi Giulio Farina, director of the museum. Koma mu 1959, Gardiner, katswiri wazachipatala waku Britain ku Egypt, adafunanso kuti zidutswazo ziziikidwenso, kuphatikiza zidutswazo mu 2009.
Tsopano yopangidwa ndi zidutswa 160, Mndandanda wa King Turin kwenikweni ulibe magawo awiri ofunikira: kukhazikitsidwa kwa mndandanda ndi mathero. Amakhulupirira kuti dzina la mlembi wa Turin King List lipezeka pachigawo choyambirira.
Kodi mndandanda wamfumu ndi chiyani?
Mndandanda Wakale Wamfumu Ya Aigupto ndi mndandanda wamaina achifumu omwe adalembedwa ndi Aigupto wakale mwanjira ina. Mndandandawu nthawi zambiri unkaperekedwa ndi ma farao kuti awonetse kuti magazi awo achifumu ali ndi zaka zingati polemba mndandanda wamahara onse omwe ali mmzera wosaduka (mzera).
Ngakhale poyamba izi zingawoneke ngati njira yothandiza kwambiri kutsata chigamulo cha mafarao osiyanasiyana, sizinali zolondola kwenikweni chifukwa Aigupto wakale anali otchuka chifukwa chosiya zomwe sanakonde, kapena kukokomeza zomwe amamva kuti zimawapangitsa kuwoneka bwino .
Amati mndandandawu sunapangidwe kuti upereke mbiri yakale ngati njira "yolambirira makolo". Ngati mukukumbukira, tikudziwa kuti Aigupto akale ankakhulupirira kuti farao anali thupi lakubadwanso kwa Horus padziko lapansi ndipo amadziwika ndi Osiris atamwalira.
Momwe akatswiri aku Egypt amagwiritsira ntchito mindandanda inali pozifanizira wina ndi mnzake komanso zomwe adatolera kudzera munjira zina ndikukonzanso mbiri yakale kwambiri. Ma King Lists omwe tikudziwa mpaka pano ndi awa:
- Mndandanda Wachifumu wa Thutmosis III wochokera ku Karnak
- Mndandanda Wachifumu wa Sety I ku Abydos
- Mwala wa Palermo
- Mndandanda wa Abydos King wa Ramses II
- Tabuleti ya Saqqara kuchokera kumanda a Tenroy
- Turin Royal Canon (Mndandanda wa King Turin)
- Zolemba pamiyala ku Wadi Hammamat
Chifukwa chiyani Turin King List (Turin Royal Canon) ndiyapadera kwambiri ku Egyptology?
Mndandanda wina wonsewo udalembedwa pamalo olimba kuti ungokhala nthawi yayitali, monga manda kapena makoma akachisi kapena pamiyala. Komabe, mndandanda wamfumu umodzi unali wapadera: Mndandanda wa King Turin, womwe umadziwikanso kuti Turin Royal Canon, yomwe idalembedwa papyri zolemba zakale. Ndi pafupifupi mita 1.7 kutalika.
Mosiyana ndi mindandanda ina yamfumu, Mndandanda wa King Turin umatchula olamulira onse, kuphatikiza ang'onoang'ono ndi omwe amawawona ngati olanda. Komanso, imalemba kutalika kwa maulamuliro ndendende.
Mndandanda wamfumuwu ukuwoneka kuti unalembedwa mu nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Ramesses II, fuko lalikulu lachifumu la 19. Ndilo mndandanda wothandiza kwambiri komanso wolondola ndipo limabwerera ku King Menes. Sikuti imangotchula mayina a mafumuwo, monga momwe mindandanda ina idachitira, koma imapereka chidziwitso china chofunikira monga:
- Kutalika kwa ulamuliro wa mfumu iliyonse mzaka, nthawi zina ngakhale miyezi ndi masiku.
- Limalongosola mayina a mafumu omwe sanachotsedwe pamndandanda wamfumu wina.
- Amagwirizanitsa mafumu ndi malo m'malo mowerengera nthawi
- Imatchulanso mayina a olamulira a Hyksos ku Egypt
- Ikuyambiranso nthawi yachilendo pomwe milungu ndi mafumu odziwika adalamulira ku Egypt.
Mwa izi, mfundo yomaliza ndi gawo losasunthika lochititsa chidwi m'mbiri ya Egypt. Gawo lochititsa chidwi komanso lotsutsana kwambiri la Royal Canon ku Turin limafotokoza za Milungu, Ziwanda ndi Mizimu ya Akufa yomwe idalamulira kwazaka zambiri.
Mndandanda wa Mfumu ya ku Turin: Milungu, Ziwanda ndi Mizimu ya Akufa idalamulira kwazaka zambiri
Malinga ndi Manetho, "mfumu yamunthu" yoyamba ku Egypt, anali Mena kapena Amuna, mu 4,400 BC (mwachilengedwe kuti "amakono" asunthira tsikuli masiku aposachedwa kwambiri). Mfumu iyi idakhazikitsa Memphis, itasandutsa njira ya Nile, ndikukhazikitsa ntchito pakachisi pamenepo.
Izi zisanachitike, Aigupto anali akulamulidwa ndi Amulungu ndi Amulungu, monga ananenera RA Schwaller de Lubicz, mu "Sacred Science: The King of Pharaonic Theocracy" pomwe mawu awa akuti:
… Turin Papyrus, m'kaundula omwe adalemba muulamuliro wa Amulungu, mizere iwiri yomaliza ya dongosololi mwachidule: “Olemekezeka Shemsu-Hor, zaka 13,420; Akulamulira pamaso pa Shemsu-Hor, zaka 23,200; Zaka zonse pamodzi 36,620. ”
Zachidziwikire, mizere iwiri yomalizayi, yomwe ikuwoneka kuti ikuyimira kuyambiranso kwa chikalatacho ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri ndipo ikutikumbutsa Mndandanda wa Mafumu a Sumeriya.
Mwachilengedwe, sayansi yamakono yokonda zinthu zakuthambo, silingavomereze kukhalapo kwa Amulungu ndi Amulungu ngati mafumu, chifukwa chake imakana nthawi zakezo. Komabe, nthawi izi - "Mndandanda wautali wa Mafumu" - (pang'ono) adatchulidwa m'mabuku angapo odalirika ochokera ku Mbiri, kuphatikiza m'mndandanda wina wa mafumu aku Egypt.
Ulamuliro wodabwitsa wa Aigupto wofotokozedwa ndi Manetho
Ngati tingalole Manetho, wansembe wamkulu wamakachisi otembereredwa ku Egypt, kuti adzilankhulire yekha, palibe chomwe tingachite koma kungotembenukira kumalemba omwe zidutswa za ntchito yake zidasungidwa. Chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri ndi mtundu waku Armenia wa Chronica wa Eusebius. Imayamba ndikutiuza kuti yatengedwa "mu Mbiri ya Aigupto ya Manetho, yemwe analemba nkhani yake m'mabuku atatu. Izi zikukhudza Milungu, Milungu, Mizimu ya Akufa komanso mafumu akufa omwe adalamulira ku Egypt. ”
Potchula Manetho mwachindunji, Eusebius akuyamba polemba mndandanda wa milungu yomwe, makamaka, ya Ennead wodziwika wa Heliopolis - Ra, Osiris, Isis, Horus, Set, ndi zina zotero. Awa anali oyamba kulamulira ku Egypt.
“Pambuyo pake, ufumuwo udadutsa kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake motsatizana mosadukiza… mpaka zaka 13,900… Amulungu atatha, Mademoni adalamulira zaka 1255; ndiponso mzere wina wa mafumu womwe udalamulira zaka 1817; kenako mafumu ena makumi atatu adabwera, akulamulira zaka 1790; kenako mafumu khumi olamulira zaka 350. Panatsata ulamuliro wa Mizimu ya Akufa… kwa zaka 5813… ”
Nthawi zonsezi zimaphatikiza zaka 24,925. Makamaka, Manetho akuti adapereka zaka zazikulu 36,525 pazaka zonse zachitukuko cha Aigupto kuyambira nthawi ya Amulungu mpaka kumapeto kwa mzera wa 30 (ndi womaliza) wa mafumu akufa.
Kodi wolemba mbiri wachi Greek Diodorus Siculus adapeza chiyani chokhudza mbiri yakale yodabwitsa ku Egypt?
Malongosoledwe a Manetho amalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi olemba ambiri akale. M'zaka za zana loyamba BC, wolemba mbiri wachi Greek Diodorus Siculus adapita ku Egypt. Amamulongosola moyenera ndi CH Oldfather, womasulira wake waposachedwa kwambiri, ngati wolemba wopanda mawu yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito magwero abwino ndikuwatulutsa mokhulupirika.
Mwanjira ina, zomwe zikutanthawuza ndikuti Diodorus sanayese kukakamiza malingaliro ake pazomwe adapeza. Chifukwa chake ndiwofunika kwambiri kwa ife chifukwa omufotokozerawo adaphatikizaponso ansembe aku Egypt omwe adawafunsa zam'mbuyo zam'dziko lawo. Izi ndi zomwe Diodorus adauzidwa:
"Poyamba milungu ndi ngwazi zidalamulira ku Egypt kwa zaka zosakwana 18,000, wotsiriza mwa milunguyo wolamulira kukhala Horus, mwana wa Isis ... Anthu akufa akhala mafumu adziko lawo, akutero, kwa zaka zosakwana 5000. ”
Kodi Herodotus adapeza chiyani chokhudza mbiri yakale yodabwitsa ku Egypt?
Kalekale Diodorus asanafike, Egypt idachezeredwa ndi wolemba mbiri wina wachi Greek wodziwika bwino: a Herodotus wamkulu, yemwe amakhala m'zaka za zana lachisanu BC. Iyenso, zikuwoneka kuti adalumikizana ndi ansembe ndipo nayenso adakwanitsa kutsatira miyambo yomwe idalankhula zakupezeka kwachitukuko chakuya kwambiri mumtsinje wa Nile patsiku losadziwika kalekale.
A Herodotus adafotokoza miyambo iyi ya nthawi yayitali kwambiri ya chitukuko ku Aigupto mu Book II of his History. M'chikalata chomwecho amatipatsanso, popanda ndemanga, chidziwitso chodziwikiratu chomwe chidachokera kwa ansembe aku Heliopolis:
"Munthawi imeneyi, akuti, panali maulendo anayi pomwe dzuwa limatuluka kuchokera kumalo ake achabechabe - kawiri kutuluka komwe akulowa, komanso kawiri kulowa kumene akukwera."
Zep Tepi - 'Nthawi Yoyamba' ku Egypt wakale
Aigupto wakale adanena za Nthawi Yoyamba, Zep Tepi, pomwe milungu idalamulira mdziko lawo: adati inali nthawi yagolide pomwe madzi a phompho adaphwera, mdima waukulu udathamangitsidwa, ndipo umunthu, kutuluka ndikuwala, anapatsidwa mphatso za chitukuko.
Adalankhulanso za oyimira pakati pa milungu ndi anthu - Urshu, gulu la milungu yocheperako yomwe mutu wake umatanthauza 'Olonda'. Ndipo adakumbukiranso kukumbukira kwawo kwa milungu, zolengedwa zokongola komanso zokongola zotchedwa Neteru omwe amakhala padziko lapansi ndi anthu ndikuchita ulamuliro wawo kuchokera ku Heliopolis ndi malo ena opatulika kumtunda ndi mumtsinje wa Nailo.
Ena mwa ma Neteru anali amuna ndi akazi koma onse anali ndi mphamvu zamphamvu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuthekera kuwonekera, mwakufuna kwawo, amuna kapena akazi, kapena nyama, mbalame, zokwawa, mitengo kapena zomera. Chodabwitsa, mawu awo ndi zochita zawo zikuwoneka kuti zikuwonetsa zokonda za anthu komanso kutanganidwa. Momwemonso, ngakhale adawonetsedwa ngati amphamvu komanso anzeru kuposa anthu, amakhulupirira kuti atha kudwala - kapena kufa, kapena kuphedwa - nthawi zina.
Kodi tingaphunzire chiyani za 'Nthawi Yoyamba' zikadakhala kuti Turin Canon Papyrus sinakhale yolimba?
Zidutswa zomwe zidatsalira ndizosangalatsa. Mwachitsanzo, mu kaundula wina, timawerenga mayina a Neteru khumi okhala ndi dzina lililonse lolembedwa pamatumba (oblong oblokera) mofananamo kalembedwe kofananako kamene kanalembedwera pambuyo pake kwa mafumu am'mbuyomu ku Egypt. Chiwerengero cha zaka zomwe Neter aliyense amakhulupirira kuti adalamuliranso chinaperekedwanso, koma zambiri mwa manambalawa sizikupezeka mchikalata chowonongeka.
M'gawo lina muli mndandanda wa mafumu omwe amafa omwe adalamulira kumtunda ndi kutsika kwa Aigupto pambuyo pa Amulungu koma asanaganize kuti ufumuwo ungagwirizane ndi Amuna, farao woyamba wa Mzera Woyamba, mu 3100 BC.
Kuchokera pazidutswazi zomwe zidatsala ndikotheka kudziwa kuti 'maufumu' asanu ndi anayi a afarao am'mbuyomu sanatchulidwe, pakati pawo panali 'Venerables of Memphis', 'Venerables of the North' ndipo, pomaliza, Shemsu Hor (The Companions , kapena Otsatira, a Horus) omwe adalamulira mpaka nthawi ya Amuna.
Mndandanda wina wamfumu womwe umafotokoza zam'mbuyomu komanso mafumu odziwika ku Egypt ndi Mwala wa Palermo. Ngakhale sizitifikitsa zakale monga Turin Canon Papyrus, imafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zimayika mbiri yathu.
Mawu omaliza
Monga mwachizolowezi, mindandanda yamfumu imasiya zotsutsana, ndipo mndandanda wa Turin King ndiwonso. Komabe, mpaka pano ndiimodzi mwazinthu zothandiza kwambiri zokhudza mafarao akale a ku Aigupto ndi maulamuliro awo.
Mukufuna zambiri zakuya pa Mndandanda wa King Turin? Onani izi tsamba kunja.
