Pogwirizana ndi ulimi, sayansi ya zakuthambo idayamba pakati pa mitsinje ya Tigris ndi Firate, zaka zoposa 10,000 zapitazo. Zolemba zakale kwambiri za sayansi iyi ndi za Asumeri, omwe asanamwalire adapereka cholowa cha nthano ndi chidziwitso kwa anthu amderali. Cholowa chawo chidathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwachikhalidwe chawo cha zakuthambo ku Babeloni, komwe, malinga ndi katswiri wofukula za m'mabwinja Mathieu Ossendrijver, anali ovuta kuposa momwe amalingalira kale. M'magazini yaposachedwa kwambiri ya Science, wofufuza kuchokera ku Yunivesite ya Humboldt, Germany, amafufuza mwatsatanetsatane mapale aku Babulo omwe akuwulula momwe akatswiri azakuthambo a chitukuko chaku Mesopotamiya adagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chomwe amakhulupirira kuti chidatuluka patatha zaka 1,400 zokha, ku Europe.
Kwa zaka 14 zapitazi, katswiriyu wapatula sabata imodzi pachaka kuti apange ulendo wopita ku Britain Museum, komwe kuli mapiritsi ambiri achi Babulo kuyambira 350 BC ndi 50 BC. Odzazidwa ndi zolembedwa za cuneiform kuchokera kwa anthu a Nebukadinezara, adapereka chithunzi: tsatanetsatane wa kuwerengera zakuthambo komwe kulinso malangizo opangira chithunzi cha trapezoidal. Zinali zochititsa chidwi, popeza kuti ukadaulo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kumeneko umaganiziridwa kuti sunkadziwika kwa akatswiri azakuthambo akale.
Komabe, Ossendrijver adapeza, malangizowo anali ofanana ndi kuwerengera kwamajometri komwe kumafotokoza kayendedwe ka Jupiter, pulaneti yomwe imayimira Marduk, mulungu woyang'anira Ababulo. Kenako anapeza kuti kuwerengera kwa ma trapezoidal komwe kunalembedwa pamwala kunali chida chothandizira kuwerengera kusuntha kwa dziko lapansi tsiku ndi tsiku pafupi ndi kadamsana (njira yodziwika bwino ya Dzuwa monga momwe yawonedwera kuchokera Padziko Lapansi) kwa masiku 60. Zikuwoneka kuti, ansembe azakuthambo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makachisi amzindawu ndi omwe adalemba zowerengera ndi zolemba za astral.
“Sitinadziwe momwe Ababulo amagwiritsa ntchito ma geometry, zojambula ndi ziwonetsero zakuthambo. Tinkadziwa kuti amachita izi ndi masamu. Amadziwikanso kuti amagwiritsa ntchito masamu ndi geometry mozungulira 1,800 BC, osati zakuthambo. Nkhaniyi ndikuti tikudziwa kuti adagwiritsa ntchito masamu kuti apeze momwe mapulaneti alili " atero wolemba kutulukaku.
Pulofesa wa physics komanso director of the Brasília Astronomy Club, Ricardo Melo akuwonjezera kuti, kufikira nthawi imeneyo, amakhulupirira kuti maluso ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Ababulo adatuluka m'zaka za zana la 14, ku Europe, poyambitsa Mertonian A average Velocity Theorem. Mfundoyi ikuti, thupi likamathamangitsidwa mosadukiza nthawi yomweyo, kuthamanga kwake kumasiyana mofananira, molingana, pakapita nthawi. Timazitcha Mayendedwe Osiyanasiyana. Kusamutsidwa kumatha kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito masamu amatanthauzidwe othamanga poyambira ndi komaliza pamiyeso, yochulukitsidwa ndi nthawi yomwe mwambowo udatha; amafotokoza zathupi.
"Apa ndipomwe pomwe chidwi chachikulu cha phunziroli chagona" akupitiliza Ricardo Melo. Ababulo adazindikira kuti dera lamatayalawo linali logwirizana ndi kusamutsidwa kwa Jupiter. "Chowonetseratu chowona kuti kuchuluka kwa malingaliro amasamu panthawiyo, kutukuka kuja, kunali kopitilira momwe timaganizira," anatero katswiri uja. Akuwonetsa kuti, kuti athandizire kuwona kwa izi, njira yolumikizira nkhwangwa (ndege ya Cartesian) imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe idangofotokozedwa ndi René Descartes ndi Pierre de Fermat m'zaka za zana la 17.
Chifukwa chake, atero a Melo, ngakhale sanagwiritse ntchito zida zamasamu izi, Ababulo adakwanitsa kuwonetsa kuwonetsa masamu. "Mwachidule: kuwerengetsa kwa dera la trapezium ngati njira yodziwira kusamutsidwa kwa Jupiter kudapitilira ma geometry achi Greek, omwe anali okhudzidwa ndimapangidwe azithunzi, chifukwa zimapanga masamu osadziwika ngati njira yofotokozera dziko lomwe tikukhalamo . ” Ngakhale kuti pulofesayo samakhulupirira kuti zomwe apezazi zingasokoneze mwachindunji chidziwitso cha masamu, akuwulula momwe chidziwitsochi chidatayika munthawi yake mpaka pomwe chidamangidwanso chokha pakati pa zaka 14 ndi 17 pambuyo pake.
Mathieu Ossendrijver amagawana zomwezi: “Chikhalidwe cha Ababulo chidasowa mu AD 100, ndipo zolemba zakale zidayiwalika. Chilankhulo chidamwalira ndipo chipembedzo chawo chidazimitsidwa. Mwanjira ina: chikhalidwe chonse chomwe chidakhalapo kwa zaka 3,000 chatha, komanso chidziwitso chodziwika. Zochepa chabe ndi zomwe Agiriki adapezazo ” akutero wolemba. Kwa Ricardo Melo, izi zimadzutsa mafunso. Kodi chitukuko chathu chikadakhala chotani lero ngati chidziwitso cha sayansi yakale chidasungidwa ndikupatsira mibadwo yotsatira? Kodi dziko lathu lingakhale lotsogola kwambiri paukadaulo? Kodi chitukuko chathu chikadapulumuka chonchi? Pali mafunso ambiri omwe titha kufunsa aphunzitsi zifukwa.
Jometri yamtunduwu imapezeka m'mabuku akale a ku England ndi France kuyambira pafupifupi 1350 AD Mmodzi mwa iwo adapezeka ku Oxford, England. “Anthu anali kuphunzira kuwerengera mtunda wokutidwa ndi thupi lomwe limathamanga kapena kumatsika pang'ono. Adapanga mawu ndikuwonetsa kuti muyenera kuyerekeza kuthamanga. Izi zidachulukitsidwa nthawi kuti mtunda ufike. Nthawi yomweyo, kwinakwake ku Paris, Nicole Oresme adapeza chinthu chomwecho ndikupanga zojambula. Ndiye kuti, adapanga liwiro " akufotokoza Mathieu Ossendrijver.
“M'mbuyomu, sitinadziwe momwe Ababulo amagwiritsa ntchito ma geometry, ma graph, ndi ziwerengero zakuthambo. Tinkadziwa kuti amachita izi ndi masamu. (…) Chachilendo ndichakuti tikudziwa kuti adagwiritsa ntchito masamu kuti awerengere momwe mapulaneti alili ” Anagwira mawu Mathieu Ossendrijver, Astro-archaeologist.
