Imodzi mwa mabuku ofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri yakale imanena za makina omwe mwina adagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapiramidi. Izi zitha kuyankha mafunso awiri omwe akhala akukambirana motere: Kodi mapiramidi aku Egypt adamangidwapo bwanji nthawi zakale? Ndi zida ziti zamatekinoloje zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zazikuluzi?
Mu 440 BC, Herodotus analemba ntchito yake yayikulu kwambiri “Mbiri”, mbiri yakale, zandale, madera komanso zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimadziwika ku West Asia, North Africa ndi Greece.
Mwa akatswiri, ntchito yake imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya Kumadzulo. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito ya a Herodotus idakhazikitsa jenda komanso kuphunzira mbiri yakale Kumadzulo.
"Zotsatira zakufufuza komwe a Herodotus aku Halicarnassus apereka pano. Cholinga chake ndikuletsa zochitika zamunthu kuti zisachotsedwe ndi nthawi ndikusunga mbiri yakugonjetsedwa kofunikira komanso kotchuka kopangidwa ndi Agiriki komanso omwe si Agiriki; Zomwe zakambidwazo ndi zomwe makamaka zikuyambitsa udani pakati pa Agiriki ndi omwe si Agiriki… ”
Herodotus analemba “Mbiri” kugawa zomwe zili m'mabuku asanu ndi anayi omwe akupezeka m'mabuku amakono a ntchito yake: Book I (Clio), Book II (Euterpe), Book III (Thalia), Book IV (Melpomene), Book V (Terpsichore), Book VI (Erato ), Book VII (Polyhymnia), Book VIII (Urania) ndi Book IX (Calliope).
Mbiri ya mapiramidi aku Egypt wakale
Munthawi yachitatu ya Aigupto Akale, makamaka muulamuliro wa Farao Djoser, Aigupto wakale adawona kubadwa kwa chipilala chatsopano. Anawona kuyambika kwadzidzidzi kwa mtundu wa nyumba yomangidwa ndi miyala, ikukwera kumwamba ngati makwerero. Piramidi ya sitepe ndi malo ake otetezedwa amakhulupirira kuti adamangidwa nthawi yazaka 19 za Djoser, cha m'ma 2630-2611 BC.
Pakatikati mwa malo ovuta ku Saqqara anali piramidi yopondera yomwe idakwera mpaka pafupifupi 60 mita. Akatswiri ofufuza za Aigupto amati piramidi yoyamba ya ku Aigupto idamangidwa pang'onopang'ono, kuyambira pachiyambi cha mastaba lalikulu mpaka piramidi yake yomaliza isanu ndi umodzi.
Pambuyo pake, kubadwa kwa piramidi yapa stephi kudawona kuti mafarao akale aku Egypt akupitilizabe kupanga mawonekedwe, kapangidwe ndi zovuta za chipilalacho ndipo, pansi paulamuliro wa a Farao Sneferu, piramidi lidasinthidwanso ku Egypt.
Sneferu adamanga mapiramidi atatu omwe adasintha momwe mapiramidi adapangidwira ndikumangidwa. Pyramid Yofiira ya Sneferu, yomangidwa mu necropolis yachifumu ya Dahshur, ikadakhala maziko omanga Pyramid Yaikulu ya Giza malinga ndi akatswiri ena.
Modabwitsa, nyumba zosinthazi zikuwoneka kuti sizipezeka m'mabuku a Egypt wakale. Palibe cholembedwa chakale cha Aiguputo chomwe chimanena zomanga piramidi ku Egypt wakale - mosakayikira izi ndizachilendo kwambiri.
Palibe zolemba zakale, zojambula kapena zolemba pamanja zomwe zimatchula za kumangidwa kwa piramidi yoyamba, komanso palibe zolembedwa zofotokozera m'mene Pyramid Yaikulu ya Giza idamangidwa. Kusakhalako kwa mbiriyakale ndi chimodzi mwa zinsinsi zazikulu kwambiri zokhudzana ndi mapiramidi akale aku Egypt.
Mwinanso, pomwe Khufu adalowa pampando wachifumu ku Egypt wakale, dzikolo lidayamba ntchito yomanga yolimba kwambiri m'mbiri; Piramidi Yaikulu ya Giza.
Ophunzira amaphunzitsa kuti Khufu ndi amene adayambitsa Pyramid Yaikuru ndikuti nyumbayi idakonzedwa ndikukonzedwa ndi Hemiunu womanga nyumba yachifumu. Amakhulupirira kuti piramidiyo idamangidwa pafupifupi zaka 20. Uku ndikulingalira kwamaphunziro, popeza palibe zolembedwa zomwe zimatsimikizira izi ngati zowona. Monga pafupifupi chilichonse chokhudzana ndi Igupto wakale, zonse ndizazinsinsi zazikulu
Ndi voliyumu yonse ya 2,583,283 cubic metres (91,227,778 cubic feet), Great Pyramid ndiye piramidi lachitatu lalikulu kwambiri potengera voliyumu.
Ngakhale siyikulu kwambiri, ndiyokwera kwambiri kuposa kutalika kwake kwamamita 138.8, osafikapo. Kutalika koyambirira kwa piramidi yayikulu kumakhulupirira kuti ndi 146.7 mita (481 mapazi) kapena 280 mikono yachifumu yaku Egypt.
Ponena za kulondola, Pyramid Yaikulu ndichinthu chosamvetsetseka. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti izi zikhale zolondola sizingakhale chovuta kwa akatswiri !!
Omanga mapiramidi (kaya ndi ndani) adamanga imodzi mwama piramidi akulu kwambiri, ogwirizana ndendende komanso otsogola padziko lapansi, ndipo palibe amene adawona kufunikira kolemba kukongola kwakukulu kwa zomangamanga. Kodi sizachilendo?
M'malo mwake, pafupifupi zaka zikwi ziwiri kuchokera pamene piramidi idamangidwa, tikuwona buku loyambirira lomwe limatchula chimodzi mwazida zotheka - kapena makina apamwamba - omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga Pyramid Yaikulu ya Giza.
M'buku lake la The Stories, a Herodotus amatifotokozera za makina omwe amati Aigupto akale amagwiritsa ntchito pomanga Pyramid Yaikulu ya Giza:
"Piramidiyo idamangidwa pamakwerero, mawonekedwe amiyala, momwe amatchulidwira, kapena, malinga ndi ena, mawonekedwe a guwa lansembe."
"Ataika miyala yoyambira pansi, adayika miyala yotsalayo m'malo mwake pogwiritsa ntchito makina ..."
"... Makina oyamba adawakweza pansi kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pang'ono. Pamwamba pa izi panali makina ena, omwe adalandira mwalawo pofika ndikutengera sitepe yachiwiri, pomwe makina achitatu adakulitsa kwambiri .. ”
"Mwina anali ndi makina ochulukirapo ngati panali masitepe mu piramidi, kapena mwina anali ndi makina amodzi, omwe, posunthidwa mosavuta, adasamutsidwa kuchoka pamzere wina kupita pamzake pomwe mwala umakwera - malipoti onsewa amaperekedwa chifukwa chake ndimatchula zonsezi… ”
Amakhulupirira kuti a Herodotus adapeza izi kwa ansembe paulendo wake ku Egypt wakale. Kaya makinawa kapena zida izi zidalidi zenizeni kapena ayi, ndipo kaya adathandizira kupanga mapiramidi, sizingakhale chinsinsi, popeza ofukula za m'mabwinja sanapeze umboni uliwonse wazida zotere kulikonse ku Egypt.
Kodi makina awa akanatengedwa kupita kumalo ena m'mbuyomo kapena kubisika? Ngati iwo sanali ochokera kumtunda, kodi akanatengedwa ndi milungu yakuthambo?
Sizikudziwikabe ngati zida ngati izi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga mapiramidi am'mbuyomu, monga Pyramid Yoyenda, Bent Pyramid kapena Pyramid Yofiira ku Egypt wakale.
