Chilumba cha Easter kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean, Chile, ndi amodzi mwamayiko akutali kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, chilumbachi chakhala chikusiyana ndi anthu ena omwe amadziwika kuti Rapa Nui. Ndipo pazifukwa zosadziwika, adayamba kusema ziboliboli zazikulu zamiyala.
Ziboliboli zazikuluzikuluzi, zotchedwa Moai, ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zakale zodabwitsa kwambiri zomwe zidapezedwa. Sayansi imayika malingaliro ambiri okhudza chinsinsi cha chilumba cha Easter, koma malingaliro onsewa amatsutsana, ndipo chowonadi sichidziwikebe.
Chiyambi Cha Rapa Nui
Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amakono amakhulupirira kuti anthu oyamba komanso okhawo pachilumbachi anali gulu lapadera la anthu a ku Polynesia, omwe adayambitsanso kuno, kenako osalumikizana ndi kwawo. Mpaka tsiku losangalatsalo mu 1722 pomwe, Lamlungu la Pasaka, bambo wachi Dutch Dutch Roggeveen adazindikira chilumbachi. Iye anali Mzungu woyamba kuzindikira chilumba chovuta ichi. Kupeza mbiri yakale kumeneku kunadzutsa mkangano waukulu pankhani ya komwe Rapa Nui adachokera.
A Jacob Roggeveen ndi gulu lake akuganiza kuti panali anthu 2,000 mpaka 3,000 pachilumbachi. Mwachiwonekere, ofufuzawo adanenanso kuti anthu ochepa anali ochepa m'kupita kwa zaka, mpaka pamapeto pake, chiwerengerocho chidatsika mpaka ochepera 100 mzaka zochepa. Tsopano akuti anthu pachilumbachi anali pafupifupi 12,000 pachimake.
Palibe amene angavomereze pachifukwa chenicheni chazomwe zidapangitsa kuwonongeka kwadzidzidzi kwa nzika za pachilumbachi kapena gulu lake. Zikuwoneka kuti chilumbachi sichinathe kupeza zinthu zokwanira kuchuluka kwa anthu ochuluka chonchi, zomwe zidadzetsa nkhondo za mafuko. Anthu okhalamo akanatha kufa ndi njala, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi zotsalira za mafupa amphaka ophika omwe amapezeka pachilumbachi.
Mbali inayi, akatswiri ena amati kuchuluka kwa makoswe kunapangitsa kuti nkhalango idulidwe pachilumbachi podya nyemba zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu odula mitengo ndikuwotcha amafulumizitsa ntchitoyi. Zotsatira zake, aliyense adasowa chuma, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti makoswe agwe ndipo pamapeto pake anthu.
Ofufuzawo adanenanso kuti pachilumbachi panali anthu osakanikirana, ndipo panali anthu akhungu lakuda, komanso anthu akhungu loyera. Ena anali ndi tsitsi lofiira komanso khungu loyera. Izi sizolumikizidwa kwathunthu ndi mtundu waku Polynesia komwe anthu amderalo adachokera, ngakhale panali umboni wakale wothandizira kusamuka kuzilumba zina m'nyanja ya Pacific.
Amakhulupirira kuti anthu a ku Rapa Nui adapita pachilumbachi pakati pa South Pacific pogwiritsa ntchito mabwato amitengo yamatabwa pafupifupi 800 CE - ngakhale lingaliro lina likusonyeza cha m'ma 1200 CE. Chifukwa chake akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale akukambiranabe za chiphunzitso cha wofukula zakale komanso wofufuza malo a Thor Heyerdahl.
M'malemba ake, Heyerdahl akunena za a Islanders, omwe adagawika m'magulu angapo. Anthu akhungu pachilumbachi anali atayendetsa motalikirana m'makutu. Thupi lawo lidalembedwa mphini, ndipo amalambira zifanizo zazikulu za Moai, akuchita mwambowo patsogolo pawo. Kodi pali kuthekera kulikonse kuti anthu akhungu loyera adakhalako pakati pa Apolinesia pachilumba chakutali chonchi?
Ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti Chilumba cha Easter chidakhazikika m'magulu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Chikhalidwe chimodzi chinali chochokera ku Polynesia, china chochokera ku South America, mwina kuchokera ku Peru, komwe kunapezekanso mitembo ya anthu akale omwe anali ndi tsitsi lofiira.
Chinsinsi cha chilumba cha Easter sichimathera pano, pali zinthu zambiri zachilendo zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi mbiri yakale yokhayi. Rongorongo ndi Rapamycin ndi awiri osangalatsa.
Rongorongo - Zolemba Zosadziwika
Amishonale atafika pachilumba cha Easter mzaka za m'ma 1860, adapeza miyala yamatabwa yojambulidwa ndi zizindikilo. Adafunsanso mbadwa za Rapa Nui tanthauzo la zomwe zalembedwazo, ndipo adauzidwa kuti palibe amene akudziwanso, popeza anthu aku Peru adapha amuna anzeru onse. A Rapa Nui adagwiritsa ntchito mapiritsiwo ngati nkhuni kapena zopalira nsomba, ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino, onse anali atatha. Rongorongo imalembedwa mosinthasintha; mumawerenga mzere kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja, kenako mutembenuzire piritsi 180 madigiri ndikuwerenga mzere wotsatira.
Pakhala zoyesayesa zingapo kuti amvetse mawu a rongorongo pachilumba cha Easter kuyambira pomwe adapezeka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Monga zolembedwa zambiri zomwe sizinatchulidwepo, malingaliro ake ambiri anali achinyengo. Kupatula gawo limodzi la piritsi limodzi lomwe lasonyezedwa kuti limagwira ntchito pakalendala yoyendera mwezi, palibe chilichonse mwazolemba chomwe chimamveka, ndipo ngakhale kalendalayo singawerenge. Sizikudziwika ngati rongorongo akuyimira chilankhulo cha Rapa Nui kapena ayi.
Akatswiri m'gulu limodzi la mapiritsi sanathe kuwerenga mapiritsi ena, ndikuwonetsa kuti rongorongo si dongosolo logwirizana, kapena ndikulemba zolemba zomwe zimafuna kuti owerenga adziwe kale mawuwo.
Rapamycin: Chinsinsi Chosafa
Mabakiteriya odabwitsa a chilumba cha Isitala atha kukhala chinsinsi cha moyo wosafa. Rapamycin, kapena amatchedwanso Sirolimus, ndi mankhwala omwe amapezeka koyambirira m'mabakiteriya a chilumba cha Easter. Asayansi ena akuti zitha kuyimitsa ukalamba ndikukhala chinsinsi cha moyo wosafa. Ikhoza kutalikitsa miyoyo ya mbewa zakale ndi 9 mpaka 14 peresenti, ndipo imathandizanso kuti ntchentche ndi yisiti zikhale ndi moyo wautali. Ngakhale kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti Rapamycin ili ndi chida cholimbana ndi ukalamba, sizili pachiwopsezo ndipo akatswiri sakudziwa kuti zotsatira zake ndi zoyipa zake zingagwiritsidwe ntchito bwanji kwanthawi yayitali.
Kutsiliza
Asayansi sangapeze yankho lokwanira pomwe anthu aku Polynesia analanda chilumbachi ndi chifukwa chake chitukuko chinagwa msanga. M'malo mwake, nchifukwa ninji adayika pachiwopsezo kuyenda panyanja, bwanji adapatulira miyoyo yawo kujambula Moai kuchokera tuff - phulusa lophulika. Kaya mtundu wa mbewa kapena anthu wawononga chilengedwe, Chilumba cha Easter ndi chenjezo padziko lapansi.
