Chaka cha 1816 chimadziwika kuti the Chaka Popanda Chilimwe, komanso Chaka Chosauka ndi Mazana khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu mphambu makumi atatu mphambu atatu mpaka kufa, chifukwa chazovuta zanyengo zomwe zidapangitsa kutentha kwapadziko lonse kuchepa ndi 0.4-0.7 ° C. Kutentha kwa chilimwe ku Europe kunali kozizira kwambiri kuposa kale lonse pakati pa zaka 1766 ndi 2000. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale njala yayikulu kudera la Northern Hemisphere.
Umboni ukusonyeza kuti zovuta zomwe zinali makamaka nyengo yozizira yophulika yozizira yomwe idachitika chifukwa champhamvuyo Kuphulika kwa 1815 kwa Phiri la Tambora mu Epulo ku Dutch East Indies - yomwe imadziwika kuti Indonesia. Kuphulika kumeneku kunali kwakukulu kwambiri pazaka zosachepera 1,300 - kuphulika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa ya 535-536 - ndipo mwina kudakulirakulira ndi kuphulika kwa 1814 kwa Mayon ku Philippines.
Chifukwa chiyani 536 AD idakhala chaka choyipitsitsa kuposa kukhala ndi moyo?
Mu 536 AD, padali mtambo wapadziko lonse lapansi womwe udatseka dzuwa kwa chaka chathunthu, zomwe zidadzetsa njala ndi matenda. Oposa 80% a Scandinavia ndi magawo ena aku China adafa ndi njala, 30% aku Europe adamwalira ndi miliri, ndipo maufumu adagwa. Palibe amene akudziwa chifukwa chenicheni, komabe, asayansi aganiza kuti kuphulika kwa mapiri ndi chifukwa chodziwika.
1816 - chaka chopanda chilimwe
Chaka Chopanda Chilimwe chinali tsoka laulimi. Kusintha kwanyengo kwa 1816 kunakhudza kwambiri Asia, New England, Atlantic Canada, ndi madera akumadzulo kwa Europe.
Zotsatira za chaka chopanda chilimwe
Ku China, kudali njala yayikulu. Madzi osefukira adawononga mbewu zambiri zotsalira. Ku India, mvula yam'mawa yotentha yadzetsa kufalikira kwa kolera. Russia idakhudzidwanso.
Kutentha kochepa ndi mvula yambiri zidapangitsa kuti kukolola kukhale kovuta m'maiko osiyanasiyana aku Europe. Mitengo yazakudya idakwera kwambiri m'maiko onse. Zipolowe, kuwotcha, ndi kubera anthu zidachitika m'mizinda yambiri yaku Europe. Nthaŵi zina, achiwawa ankanyamula mbendera zowerenga "Mkate kapena Magazi". Inali njala yoopsa kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 19 ku Europe.
Pakati pa 1816-1819 miliri yayikulu ya typhus idachitika m'malo ena ku Europe, kuphatikiza Ireland, Italy, Switzerland, ndi Scotland, chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa chakudya ndi njala zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi Chaka chopanda Chilimwe. Anthu opitilira 65,000 amwalira matendawa atafalikira ku Ireland komanso kumayiko ena aku Britain.
Ku North America, m'ngululu ndi chilimwe cha 1816, "utsi wowuma" wosalekeza udawonedwa m'malo ena akum'mawa kwa United States. Palibe mphepo kapena mvula yomwe inafalitsa "chifunga". Amadziwika kuti ndi "stratospheric sulphate eosol chophimba".
Nyengo yozizira sinkagwirizana kwenikweni ndi ulimi. Mu Meyi 1816, chisanu chinapha mbewu zambiri kumapiri okwera a Massachusetts, New Hampshire, ndi Vermont, komanso kumpoto kwa New York. Pa June 6, kunagwa chipale chofewa ku Albany, New York, ndi ku Dennysville, ku Maine. Ku Cape May, New Jersey, chisanu chidanenedwa mausiku asanu motsatizana kumapeto kwa Juni, ndikuwononga mbewu zambiri.
New England idakumananso ndi zotulukapo zazikulu chifukwa cha nyengo yachilendo ya 1816. Ku Canada, Quebec adasowa mkate ndi mkaka ndipo Nova Scotians osauka adapezeka akuwotcha zitsamba kuti azipeza.
Nchiyani chinayambitsa masoka a 1816?
Zosinthazi tsopano zikuganiza kuti zidachitika chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa phiri la Tambora pa Epulo 5-15, pachilumba cha Sumbawa, Indonesia.
Pakati pa nthawiyi, kuphulika kwina kwakukulu kunapanganso zomwe zinayambitsa masoka a 1816:
- 1808, a 1808 kuphulika kwachinsinsi (VEI 6) kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean
- 1812, La Soufrière pa Saint Vincent ku Caribbean
- 1812, Awu kuzilumba za Sangihe, Dutch East Indies
- 1813, Suwanosejima kuzilumba za Ryukyu, Japan
- 1814, Mayoni ku Philippines
Kuphulika kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti pakhale fumbi lambiri mumlengalenga. Monga momwe zimakhalira pambuyo poti kuphulika kwakukulu kwaphalaphala, kutentha kudagwa padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa kuwala kochepa kudutsa pa stratosphere.
Mofanana ndi Hungary ndi Italy, Maryland idakumana ndi chipale chofewa, chamtambo, komanso chachikasu mu Epulo ndi Meyi chifukwa cha phulusa laphalaphala m'mlengalenga.
Mipamwamba ya alireza mumlengalenga munachititsa kuti utsi ukhale pamlengalenga kwa zaka zingapo kuphulika, komanso kuwala kofiira kofiira pakulowa kwa dzuwa-komwe kumachitika pambuyo poti mapiri aphulika.
Chaka cha 1816 chidalimbikitsa zaluso zambiri zaluso
Nyengo yotentha ya chilimwe idalimbikitsanso olemba ndi ojambula. M'nthawi yachilimweyi, a Mary Shelley, amuna awo, wolemba ndakatulo Percy Bysshe Shelley, komanso ndakatulo Lord Byron anali kutchuthi ku Nyanja ya Geneva. Ngakhale kuti atsekeredwa m'nyumba m'nyumba kwa masiku ambiri mvula ikugwa modetsa nkhawa, olembawo anafotokoza malo opanda chiyembekezo, amdima a nthawiyo m'njira zawo. Mary Shelley adalemba Frankenstein, buku loopsa lomwe limakhala m'malo ovuta nthawi zambiri. Lord Byron adalemba ndakatuloyi mdima, zomwe zimayamba, “Ndinali ndi maloto, omwe sanali maloto onse. Dzuwa lowala linali kuzimitsa. ” Ojambula ambiri panthawiyo, adasankha kupukuta luso lawo ndi mdima, mantha komanso chete zakuthambo kwa Dziko Lapansi.
Mawu omaliza
Chochitika chodabwitsa ichi chikuwonetsa momwe timadalira Dzuwa. Kuphulika kwa Tambora kunapangitsa kuti kuchepa kwa dzuwa kufikire padziko lapansi, koma zomwe zidachitika ku Asia, Europe ndi North America zinali zazikulu. Zaluso zaluso zingawoneke ngati zosangalatsa koma mu 1816 chiyembekezo chadziko lapansi lopanda Dzuwa chimawoneka ngati chowopsa mowopsa.
