Ndị Sumer kere echiche nke oge ugbu a afọ 5,000 gara aga!

Ọtụtụ mmepeanya oge ochie nwere echiche nke oge, ọ bụ ezie na edoghị anya. N'ụzọ doro anya, ha maara na ụbọchị malitere mgbe anyanwụ wara nakwa n'abalị mgbe anyanwụ kwụsịrị n'ihu. Ma ndị Sumer oge ochie, na-ekiri mbara igwe, mepụtara usoro dị mgbagwoju anya karị. Ha ghọtara na ọ ga-ekwe omume ikewa awa ahụ gaa na nkeji iri isii na ụbọchị ndị ahụ n'ime awa 60, na-emepụta usoro nha oge a na-eji taa.

Foto akpọrọ nke Yale Babylonian Collection's Tablet YBC 7289
Foto akpọrọ nke Yale Babylonian Collection's Tablet YBC 7289 obverse (YPM BC 021354). Mbadamba ụrọ a na-egosi mkpokọta mgbọrọgwụ square nke 2 (1 24 51 10 w: sexagesimal) na-eji usoro Pythagorean maka triangle isosceles. Nkọwa nke Yale Peabody Museum: mbadamba okirikiri. Ihe osise nke square nwere ọnụọgụ diagonal na nke edere; rev eserese rektangulu nwere diagonal edere mana ọnụọgụ ndị echekwara nke ọma na enweghị ike iweghachi ya; ederede mgbakọ na mwepụ, mbadamba Pythagorean. Babilọn ochie. Ụrọ. obv 10 © Wikimedia Commons

Echiche dị n'azụ echiche nke oge nke ndị Sumer kere

Mmepe anya ochie lere anya n’eluigwe ka oge na-aga.
Mmepe anya ochie lere anya n’eluigwe ka oge na-aga.

Sumer, ma ọ bụ "ala nke ndị eze mepere anya", toro na Mesopotemia, ebe taa dị Iraq ọgbara ọhụrụ, gburugburu 4,500 TOA. Ndị Sumeria mepụtara mmepeanya dị elu nke nwere usoro asụsụ na ide ihe nke ya, ihe owuwu na nka, mbara igwe na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Alaeze Ukwu Sumeria adịteghị aka. Otú ọ dị, ruo ihe karịrị afọ 5,000, ụwa nọgidere na-etinye aka na nkọwa ya nke oge.

Mpempe akwụkwọ mgbakọ na mwepụ Babylonian Plimpton 322.Ebe E Si Nweta...Christine Proust na Mahadum Columbia
Mbadamba mgbakọ na mwepụ Babịlọn a na-eme ememme Plimpton 322. © Christine Proust na Mahadum Columbia

Ndị Sumeria kwadoro nọmba 60 na mbụ, ebe ọ na-adị mfe ikewa. Enwere ike kewaa ọnụọgụ 60 site na 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20 na 30 hà nhata. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe oge ochie kwenyere na e nwere ụbọchị 360 n'ime otu afọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 60 dabara n'ụzọ zuru oke ugboro isii.

 

Ndị oge ochie na oge ochie

Ọtụtụ n'ime mmepeanya oge ochie nwere echiche dị ka oge gafere. dị ka ngafe nke ụbọchị, izu, ọnwa na afọ. Otu ọnwa bụ ogologo oge okirikiri ọnwa zuru oke, ebe otu izu bụ ogologo oge nke oge okirikiri nke ọnwa. Enwere ike ime atụmatụ otu afọ dabere na mgbanwe oge a na-enwe na ọnọdụ anyanwụ nwere. Ndị oge ochie ghọtara na ikiri eluigwe nwere ike inye ọtụtụ azịza nke ajụjụ ndị e weere na ha dị mgbagwoju anya n’oge ha.

Ndị agha Akkadia na-egbu ndị iro, ihe dịka 2300 BC, ikekwe site na Stele Mmeri nke Rimush.
Ndị agha Akkadia na-egbu ndị iro, ihe dịka 2300 BC, ikekwe site na Stele Mmeri nke Rimush © Wikimedia Commons

Mgbe mmepeanya nke Sumeria bịara ree, ebe ndị Akadia meriri na 2400 TOA, ndị Babilọn mechakwara na 1800 TOA, mmepeanya ọhụrụ nke ọ bụla nwere ekele maka usoro mmekọahụ nke ndị Sumer mepụtara wee tinye ya na mgbakọ na mwepụ nke ha. N'ụzọ dị otú a, echiche nke ikewa oge n'ime 60 nkeji nọgidere na-agbasa n'ụwa nile.

Otu elekere na ụbọchị elekere 24

Sundial Mesopotamian oge ochie
Sundial Mesopotamian oge ochie na Archaeological Museum, Istanbul © Leon Mauldin.

Mgbe ndị Gris na ndị Islamist kpughere geometry, ndị oge ochie ghọtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ 360 abụghị naanị oge nke ezigbo orbit nke ụwa, kamakwa oke zuru oke nke okirikiri, na-akpụ ogo 360. Usoro sexagesimal malitere ime ka ọnọdụ ya sie ike na akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-aghọ ihe dị mkpa maka mgbakọ na mwepụ na igodo (ụwa na-ekewa n'ime ogo nke longitude na latitude). Mgbe e mesịrị, e kewara ihu nke elekere okirikiri gaa na nke dị ọcha, sexagesimal quadrants nke nyere awa 24, awa ọ bụla na nkeji 60, nkeji ọ bụla mejupụtara 60 sekọnd.