Ib tus neeg ua haujlwm saum npoo av tau tshawb pom ib feem cuam tshuam suav nrog rab ntaj tom qab cov hauv paus hniav ntawm ib lub txhab nyiaj eroded ntawm ib lub kwj me me hauv Georgia thaum Lub Xya Hli 2014. Lub 30-centimeter relic tej zaum yog ib qho ntawm ib qho kev pom hauv North America thiab ntxiv rau. nce daim ntawv teev npe ntawm cov khoom qub uas zoo li tsis nyob hauv Suav teb qhia tias Suav hla mus rau North America thaum lub sijhawm Pre-Columbian.
Cov ntaj zoo kawg nkaus tau raug txheeb xyuas tias yog ua los ntawm Lizardite thiab muaj cov yam ntxwv saum npoo uas qhia tias nws yog qhov qub heev. Kev sim yav tom ntej yuav cia siab tias yuav tsim cov pob zeb thiab txheeb xyuas qhov chaw, vim tias Lizardite deposits muaj nyob rau hauv ob sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob hemispheres.
Cov lus teb rau thaum twg, thiab cov lus nug li cas tseem tsis paub. Ib qho kev siv zog los siv cov txheej txheem ntsuas ntsuas kub kom paub meej tias thaum twg cov av ntawm qhov chaw muab rho tawm tau raug tshav ntuj kawg raug cuam tshuam vim nws tau pom tias cov av tau cuam tshuam.
Tseem muaj ib feem me me ntawm cov khoom siv tsis paub txog kev sib tsoo ntawm cov hniav uas tuaj yeem siv tau rau cov xov tooj cua sib tham, nrog rau xaiv cov seem ntawm cov khoom siv saum npoo uas yuav ua rau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb.
Suav cim
Cov cim ntau yam thiab daim ntawv ntawm rab ntaj, ob qho tib si muaj nyob rau ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog ntawm Xia (2070-1600 BC), Shang (1600-1046 BC), thiab Zhou Dynasties, tsis paub meej (1046-256 BC). Lub Shang Dynasty yog sawv cev los ntawm zaj motif spanning ib seem ntawm sab saum toj ntawm cov hniav, zoo li yog feathered crown.
Lub ntsej muag ntawm Taotie lub ntsej muag zais cia ntawm rab ntaj thiab tuav thawj zaug tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm Liangzhu kev vam meej (3400-2250 BC), txawm hais tias nws feem ntau pom thaum lub sijhawm Shang thiab Zhou. (Kev sib tham ntawm tus kheej nrog Siu-Leung Lee, Ph.D., thiab tsis ntev-rau-tau-tshaj tawm haujlwm.)
Lub hav zoov ntawm Shang lub sijhawm kuaj mob, nrog rau Taotie qhov zoo ib yam li cov duab ntawm Mesoamerican Olmec w ere-jaguar, muab cov lus qhia txog thaum rab ntaj tau tsim thiab lub sijhawm nyuaj rau thaum nws tuaj txog hauv Georgia.
Suav - Olmec kev sib txuas?
Tau ze li ib puas xyoo, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sib cav txog qhov sib xws ntawm Suav thiab Olmec mythology thiab iconography. Tej zaum nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas Olmec kev vam meej tau tshwm sim txog 1500 BC, thaum pib ntawm Shang Dynasty, thiab thawj zaug sau keeb kwm ntawm Tuam Tshoj pib.
Nws cim qhov pib ntawm lub Hnub Nyoog Bronze, uas ua rau muaj kev zoo nkauj bronze tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab, bronze chariots, thiab riam phom. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, cov cim Suav ntxov tshaj plaws tau tshwm sim, nrog rau cov kav dej loj thiab lwm cov haujlwm ua haujlwm rau pej xeem, tag nrho cov no qhia txog lub neej zoo thiab hloov zuj zus.
Nws kuj yog ib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Suav kab lis kev cai thaum jade muaj nuj nqis tshaj kub, thiab lub Olmec aristocracy, uas muaj jade mines nyob rau hauv tam sim no Honduras thiab Guatemala, xav tib yam.
Nws yog qhov ua tau tias Olmec, thaum lub sij hawm nruab nrab ntawm lawv lub sijhawm (900-300 BC), tau kov yeej cov teeb meem ntawm shaping thiab drilling Jade (ib pob zeb nyuaj heev uas nws tsis tuaj yeem tuav nrog cov cuab yeej steel) rau hauv cov khoom me me thiab cov votive nrog cov ntaub ntawv abrasive. .
Qhov sib piv ntawm Suav thiab Olmec kos duab yog qhov sib txawv, thiab qhov kev sib piv zoo tuaj yeem pom hauv Art thiab Ritual hauv Early Chinese thiab Mesoamerican Cultures, Santiago Gonzalez Villajos, 2009.
Qhov muaj peev xwm qhia txog Suav cov kev xav ntawm kev tswj hwm thiab kev coj noj coj ua, nrog rau lawv txoj kev ntseeg thiab cov cim, cuam tshuam rau Olmec thiab ua tiav Mesoamerican pab pawg. Nws yog ib qho xwm txheej uas yuav rov ua dua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th thaum Spanish friars waded ashore nrog tus ntoo khaub lig Christian.
Ua li cas rab ntaj tau mus rau Georgia? Qee qhov ua tau:
Cov kev coj noj coj ua tshiab ntawm Olmec no tau pib nthuav tawm thoob plaws thaj av txij li 900 BC. Muaj cov pov thawj tseem ceeb uas lawv tau ua lub hauv paus rau lwm pawg kev coj noj coj ua thiab yav tom ntej, xws li Maya.
Cov kev ntseeg tseem ceeb ntawm Olmecs tau nyob thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo pua 16th uas tau kov yeej lub sijhawm, txawm li cas los xij, hloov kho los ntawm cov kab lis kev cai sib txawv kom ua tau raws li cov cai hauv zos thiab nrog kev hloov kho raws sijhawm. Kuj ceeb tias, qee cov ntsiab cai qub, xws li kev cog qoob loo, tau raug coj los ua niaj hnub no los ntawm qee cov zej zog Mesoamerican hauv paus txawm.
Qhov kev sib kis no tau xav tias tau tshwm sim los ntawm Olmec thaj av thiab ntug hiav txwv kev lag luam xa tawm cov khoom lag luam yooj yim thiab txawv txawv.
Ib qho kev ntxim nyiam ntawm qhov tshwm sim kab lis kev cai no, thiab vim li cas nws tseem ceeb, yog tias nws pib kwv yees li 900 BC thaum Olmec pib tsim cov khoom siv Jade ceremonial artifacts, raws li tau hais dhau los.
Lub dispersion ntawm tiaj thiab cylindrical luam ntawv seals, ib tug tshuab uas thawj zaug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Mesoamerica artifact cov ntaub ntawv nrog lub Olmec, yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm thaj chaw ntawm no kab lis kev cai diffusion. Printing seals thawj zaug tshwm sim hauv Suav teb thaum lub sijhawm Shang Dynasty.
Olmec kab lig kev cai kis mus rau sab qaum teb
Los ntawm 800 BC, cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj tau siv nyob rau sab qaum teb South America, qee qhov 1700 mais sab qab teb ntawm Olmec heartland, thiab qhov sib npaug ntawm sab qaum teb ntawm Adena Culture (800 BC-1 AD) nyob rau North America sab qaum teb Ohio River Valley. Tsis tsuas yog luam ntawv thev naus laus zis ua rau nws txoj hauv kev mus rau Ohio, tab sis yog li Olmec kos duab.
Tus kws sau ntawv no tau tshawb pom qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw ntsug daim duab qhia txog tsob ntoo Ntiaj Teb hauv thaj av Lake Chalco sab qab teb ntawm Mexico City niaj hnub thiab ntawm Veracruz ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Gulf hauv kev tshawb fawb tsis tau tshaj tawm ntawm Adena ntsiav tshuaj hauv qab no.
Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj thaum pib ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv hauv lub tsev Adena kev vam meej, nrog rau lwm cov pov thawj ntau dhau los piav qhia hauv tsab ntawv me me no, qhia tias pawg Mesoamerican muaj peev xwm mus txog thaj av thiab hloov pauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg hauv zos.
Rov qab mus rau Georgia. Nyob rau hauv 1685, Charles de Rochefort nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb kwm hais txog cov Apalachite uas nyob rau hauv lub South America nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, sau, "Thefe Apalachite nkoj, uas lawv tau nthuav tawm qee cov Colonies ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau hauv Mexico: Thiab lawv tau ua tiav rau hnub no ib txoj kev loj los ntawm thaj av, uas lawv tau lees tias lawv Cov Tub Rog tau taug kev mus rau hauv thofe feem ... Thaum lawv tuaj txog, cov neeg nyob hauv. lub teb chaws muab lawv lub npe Tlatuici, uas txhais tau hais tias mountaineers los yog highlanders.
"Cov neeg no [Apalachite] muaj kev sib txuas lus nrog Hiav Txwv ntawm Great Gulf of Mexico lossis New Spain, los ntawm tus dej hais tias Rochefort," ...Cov neeg Mev tau hu tus dej no Riu del Spirito Santo " [Tus Dej Mississippi].
Thaum Rochefort qhov kev tshawb pom hnub tim los ntawm tom qab Lub Sij Hawm Conquest, lawv hais txog thaj chaw thaj chaw uas qee zaum tsis saib xyuas lossis tsis pom zoo hauv North American keeb kwm.
Ntau qhov kev vam meej uas tau nyob tam sim no Georgia thiab lwm lub xeev ciam teb rau Gulf of Mexico, nrog rau Caribbean Islands, Mexico, thiab South America, yog ib feem ntawm thaj chaw ncig-Caribbean uas txhua tus paub lawv cov neeg nyob ze.
Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txiav txim siab tias qhov no yog vim li cas lub tsev hais plaub thiab cov khoom siv roj hmab tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv av loj Mesoamerica thiab Caribbean Islands.
Tsis tas li ntawd, Olmec thiab Maya muaj cov nkoj loj ntawm cov dej hiav txwv mus ncig ua si caij nkoj ntawm Gulf cheeb tsam cov ntug dej hiav txwv, nrog rau cov qauv kev thauj mus los los pab cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm cov chaw loj hauv nroog nrog cov pej xeem ntom ntom piv rau niaj hnub no cov nroog loj.
Piv txwv li, ntsev, ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev muaj nyob rau hauv lub tropics, tau nqa nyob rau hauv kaum tawm txhiab tons ib hlis twg los ntawm ntsev-tsim chaw nyob rau hauv lub Yucatan mus rau lub zoo-paub chaw nres nkoj dej ntws xws li Honduran Moskito Coast mus rau Tampico, Mexico.
Ib cag los ntawm kev ntub dej thiab txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv cov nthwv dej hnyav tawm ntawm Moskito Coast uas tsis muaj lub neej khaws cia, kuv tuaj yeem lees paub los ntawm kev rov qab taug kev uas lub log log tsim ua haujlwm zoo heev.
Nrog rau kev zam ntawm Yamaha outboard motors, cov hlab ntsha no, uas tsis tau hloov pauv hauv kev tsim lossis tsim txij li Maya, txuas ntxiv xa cov tons ntawm 50-nkas loos nruas ntawm roj, khoom noj, thiab tib neeg mus rau hauv Honduran sab hauv.
Qhov zoo nkauj Taino kev vam meej, uas tau tsiv los ntawm Venezuela kwv yees li 400 BC, thiab Caribes tau sib npaug ntawm kev taug kev hiav txwv ntawm Gulf of Mexico hauv Greater Antilles.
Christopher Columbus sau ntau qhov kev nkag hauv nws lub cav ntawm cov nkoj loj Taino uas ntim nrog cov khoom lag luam thiab cov neeg caij tsheb, ntev li ntawm 40 txog 79 ko taw. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, nws cov ntawv sau qhia tias Taino tau paub txog Calusa hauv Florida thiab Maya hauv Yucatan.
Tag nrho cov no qhia tau hais tias cov kab lis kev cai ntawm cheeb tsam-Caribbean, txawm tias nyob rau hauv ntau lub sijhawm qub, tau txuas nrog txoj kev hauv dej thiab av, uas muab cov lus piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas rab ntaj thiab ob Olmec-style pendants tuaj txog hauv Georgia.
Yog li, yog cov Suav nyob hauv Georgia?
Cov khoom nws tus kheej yog ib feem ntawm kev daws teeb meem. Koj yuav tsum xav tias yog vim li cas ib tug neeg yuav nqa rab ntaj Votive, uas txhais tau tias yog khoom “hais txog kev ntseeg kev ntseeg, kev xav, lossis kev ntshaw: muab lossis ua raws li kev qhia ua tsaug lossis kev mob siab rau Vajtswv”, yog lawv tsis yog Suav.
Qhov thib ob, rab ntaj tsis yog tib qho kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv hauv Suav teb pom muaj. Dr. Lee, tus kws tshaj lij Suav, tau hais tias tsis ntev los no ob lub tsev qub qub qub tau tshawb pom nyob rau hauv ob-teev tsav ntawm qhov chaw ntaj. Nws npaj yuav muab cov khoom no tso rau hauv kev tshaj tawm yav tom ntej. Kuj tseem muaj qhov xav tsis thoob ntawm cov khoom suav suav ntxiv, kos duab kos duab kos duab, thiab cov cim pom nyob rau yav qab teb Asmeskas.
Hmoov tsis zoo, yeej tsis pom muaj qhov tseeb txaus kom ua tiav qhov tseeb thiab tsis sib cav qhov xaus uas txhua tus tuaj yeem pom zoo rau thaum nws los txog rau keeb kwm thiab archaeological teeb meem. Yog li, lub sijhawm no, cov lus nug "Puas yog Suav nyob hauv Georgia?" Tej zaum tsuas yog teb tau yog thaum muaj cov pov thawj txaus kom dhau ib tus neeg "Thiab ntawm Kev Ntseeg."
Thaum kawg kev xav
Kwv yees li 90 xyoo ua ntej Columbus thawj zaug caij nkoj mus rau hauv hiav txwv Caribbean, Ming Suav tau xa cov nkoj thauj mus los ntawm Admiral Zheng He rau ntau qhov kev mus ncig mus rau thaj chaw nyob ib puag ncig Dej Hiav Txwv Indian kom tau txais cov khoom lag luam txawv thiab cov zaub mov.
Admiral thawj zaug ntoj ke mus kawm muaj kwv yees li 185 lub nkoj:
62 lossis 63 baoshan lossis "cov khoom muaj nqis ships" tau tsim rau thawj zaug ntoj ke mus kawm, 440′-538′ ntev los ntawm 210′ dav, plaub decks, cuaj masts, tshem tawm kwv yees li 20-30,000 tons, kwv yees li 1/3 rau 1/2 lub kev hloov pauv ntawm lub dav hlau loj tam sim no.
Machuan los yog "nees ships", 340′ ntev ntawm 138′ wide, 8 masts, nqa nees, ntoo rau kho, thiab tribute khoom.
Liangchuan los yog "grain ships". 257′ ntev 115′ dav, 7 masts, nqa nplej rau cov neeg coob thiab cov tub rog.
Zuochuan los yog "troopships, 220′ ntev los ntawm 84′ wide, rau masts.
Zhanchuan warships, 165′ ntev, 5 masts.
27-28,000 kwv yees cov neeg tsav nkoj, cov tub rog, cov neeg txhais lus, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm.
