UPhineas Gage — Indoda Eyaphila Ngemva Kokubethelwa Ubuchopho Bayo Ngenduku Yensimbi!

Wake wezwa ngoPhineas Gage? Icala elihehayo, cishe eminyakeni engama-200 eyedlule, le ndoda yathola ingozi emsebenzini eyashintsha inkambo ye-neuroscience.

UGage kanye "nomngane wakhe njalo" — UGage kanye "nomngane wakhe" njalo — insimbi yakhe yokuthinta ebhalwe phansi — esikhathini sangemva kuka-1849. © Wikimedia Commons

UPhineas Gage waphila ngemuva kwengozi eyisimanga eshiye ubuchopho bakhe bulimele kakhulu. Kwakungakaze kwenzeke emlandweni ukuthi kube khona umuntu owasinda ekulimaleni okubulalayo, kubashiya nezinkinga ezimbalwa zempilo ehlala njalo kodwa benobuntu obuhluke ngokuphelele. Le ndoda, ebethelwe ngentonga yensimbi, ayigcinanga nje ngokuthola ingozi embi, kepha yaqhubeka nokuphila okukhuthazayo, lapho yayihamba khona, ikhuluma, futhi ibamba ngisho nemisebenzi ngaphandle kwenkathazo - kepha-ke, yashintsha kakhulu.

Indaba eyethusayo kaPhineas Gage

Emuva ekuqaleni nase maphakathi no-1800s, umsebenzi wesitimela wawungeminye yemisebenzi eyingozi kakhulu umuntu angaba nayo. Inguquko yezimboni ibisivele igcwele, okusho ukuthi imishini emisha, ehlose ukwenza ukwakhiwa kukajantshi nokusebenza ngokushesha, bekuqaliswa futhi kuvuselelwa njalo. Ngeshwa, eziningi zalezi zinto ezintsha ezisunguliwe namasu kungaba yingozi, futhi bezimbalwa izivumelwano zokuphepha. Ngalesi sikhathi, kufa izinkulungwane zabasebenza ujantshi minyaka yonke, kwathi amashumi ezinkulungwane alimala emsebenzini. Lokhu, nokho, yilapho uPhineas Gage enza khona impilo yakhe. Wayeyinduna yesitimela ngo-1848 futhi wayehlonishwa kakhulu esikhundleni sakhe. Wayesebenza njalo neziqhumane zemishini yezitimela nokuqhumisa, futhi wayebhekwa ngabaqashi njengosomabhizinisi onekhono, ohlakaniphile futhi osebenza kanzima. Konke lokhu akuzange kumise izinto ekuhambeni kabi ngendlela eyethusayo ngoSepthemba. © ILabhulali Kazwelonke yase-Ireland / iFlickr

UPhineas Gage wayengumMelika ojwayelekile oneminyaka engama-25 ubudala, kuze kube, ngoSepthemba 1848, ukuqhuma ngengozi ngenkathi kwakhiwa ujantshi wesitimela wafaka ibha yensimbi engamamitha amathathu ekhakhayini lakhe ngendlela exakile. Kepha akafanga!

Kwenzekeni ngempela ngalolo suku lwenjabulo?

Umsebenzi wawuhamba kahle ngaleyo ntambama, futhi yonke imishini neziqhumane kwakusebenza ngokohlelo. UPhineas namadoda akhe babehlela ukuqhuma, okwakuhilela ukubhoboza imbobo ekujuleni kwedwala, engeza amandla okuqhumisa nefusi, bese besebenzisa i-tamping iron (ebukeka njengensimbi enkulu yensimbi) ukuyipakela phakathi edwaleni.

Njengoba kwenzeka kwesinye isikhathi, uGage waphazanyiswa futhi wavumela ukuqapha kwakhe ngenkathi enza lo msebenzi ojwayelekile. Wazibeka eceleni komgodi wokuqhuma, phambi kwensimbi yokuthinta, eyayingakagcwele ubumba ukuvimbela umlilo. Wayebheke ehlombe lakhe ukukhuluma namanye amadoda, futhi wayesanda kuvula umlomo wakhe ukuthi asho okuthile, ngenkathi insimbi idala inhlansi edwaleni. Le nhlansi yavutha impushana kwaba nokuqhuma okukhulu. UGage wayevele engenandaba endaweni engafanele ngesikhathi esingalungile.

Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi i-tamping iron yayifana nomkhonto, ngoba yiyona ndlela ebiziphatha ngayo. Amandla wokuqhuma ngemuva kwesipikha ayixoshe ngamandla amakhulu, yaqonda ngqo eGage. Isipikisi esingamakhilogremu ayi-13 singene ohlangothini lwesobunxele lobuso bakhe, sangena ngasohlangothini lwesihlathi sakhe nomlomo ovulekile (ngoba ubesezokhuluma) wakhuphukela ekhanda lakhe. Kwadlula ethanjeni, ebuchosheni, kwase kuphumela ngaphesheya. Kepha akugcinanga lapho. Zonke izinyawo ezintathu, amasentimitha ayisikhombisa enduku yadlula ekhanda lakhe, yabe isiphumela ngaphesheya, yahlala cishe ngamamitha angama-80, igcotshwe ngegazi nobuchopho. UGage wavele wawa phansi, wadidizela. — Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi i-tamping iron yayifana nomkhonto, ngoba yiyona ndlela ebiziphatha ngayo. Amandla wokuqhuma ngemuva kwe-spike ayikhiphe ngamandla amakhulu, yaqonda ngqo eGage. Isipikisi esingamakhilogremu ayi-13 singene ohlangothini lwesobunxele lobuso bakhe, sangena ngasohlangothini lwesihlathi sakhe nomlomo ovulekile (ngoba ubesezokhuluma) wakhuphukela ekhanda lakhe. Kwadlula ethanjeni, ebuchosheni, kwase kuphumela ngaphesheya. Kepha akugcinanga lapho. Zonke izinyawo ezintathu, amasentimitha ayisikhombisa enduku yadlula ekhanda lakhe, yabe isiphumela ngaphesheya, yahlala cishe ngamamitha angama-80, igcotshwe ngegazi nobuchopho. UGage wavele wawa phansi, wadidizela.

Ukubuyiselwa okubucayi: Isikhunta saqala ukuhluma ngaphakathi ekhanda lakhe

UPhineas wadlula ezikhathini ezinzima ngesikhathi elulama ngemuva kokuhlinzwa futhi wacishe wabulawa ithumba (ukutheleleka esilondeni, okusho ukuthi ngokuya ngamarekhodi afinyelela ku-250ml wobomvu, uketshezi oluvela ekuguqulweni kwamagciwane, izingcezu zamaseli negazi). Ngemuva cishe kwezinyanga ezintathu elashwa, uPhineas wabuyela ekhaya labazali bakhe waqala ukubuyela emsebenzini wakhe wansuku zonke, ebekezelela isigamu sosuku lomsebenzi.

Isithombe sokukhiqiza kabusha sengozi nesithombe sogebhezi: Ekuqaleni, bekungekho miningi imiphumela emibi evela engozini, kodwa into eyodwa eyathuthuka phakathi nezinsuku zakhe eziyi-12 zokwehla kwaba yinkinga nengxenye yobuso bayo. Ngemuva kweso lesobunxele, lapho i-spike idlule khona, ukutheleleka kwaqala ukukhula. Iso laqala ukuqhuma, futhi izingcezu zobuchopho obuthelelekile kanye nobofu kwaphuma esokeni. UPhineas wayeka ukukwazi ukubona kusuka kuleso iso, futhi kwaba ne-ptosis, noma ukudonsa kwejwabu leso. Le ptosis ngeke ihambe isikhathi esisele sempilo yakhe. Izibazi zokulimala kokuqala zahlala, futhi. Eqinisweni, imisipha eminingi ohlangothini lwesobunxele lobuso bayo ayizange ilulame ngokuphelele, yamshiya enyakaza kancane kulelo hlangothi.

Ukuziphatha kukaGage kwashintsha kakhulu

Kodwa-ke, umama kaGage washeshe wabona ukuthi enye inkumbulo yakhe ibukeka iphazamisekile, yize ngokwemibiko kadokotela, inkumbulo kaGage, ikhono lokufunda namandla emoto akuzange kushintshe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimilo sikaGage besingasafani nasengcupheni yengozi. UGage kwakubonakala sengathi ulahlekelwe yindlela yakhe yokuxhumana nabantu, waba nolaka, waqhuma futhi wadelela. Umfana owake waba mnandi waba budedengu futhi wadelela futhi washiya izinhlelo zakhe ngekusasa, engakasunguli umndeni.

UGage waba ngumbukiso wemnyuziyamu ophilayo

Ukhubazekile kepha muhle namanje ". [T] Qaphela i-ptosis yeso lesobunxele nesibazi esiphongweni. — Ukhubazekile nokho muhle. Qaphela i-ptosis yeso lesobunxele nesibazi esiphongweni.

UPhineas akakwazanga ukubuyisa umsebenzi wakhe, futhi kwaphela iminyaka kwaba uhlobo lomnyuziyamu wokuhambahamba, angithi nje umuntu ubethelwa kanjani ngengqondo ngebha futhi alinge ukusinda? Awukho omunye umonakalo? Kwakuyicala elidume kabi kangangokuba iminyaka emibili abezokwelapha benqaba ukukholelwa! Ngesikhathi kwenzeka icala ngaphakathi, udokotela obehamba noPhineas, uJohn Harlow, bekufanele aqinisekise ubuqiniso phambi kwabameli. UJohn noPhineas nabo baya eBoston lapho beya esikoleni sobudokotela ukuyoxoxa ngaleli cala.

Yize wayengenawo umndeni, uPhineas wayeyindoda ezimele futhi ekhuthele, wayosebenza njengomqeqeshi eChile. Imibiko ikhombisa ukuthi kungenxa yomsebenzi ukuthi amakhono akhe okuxhumana nabantu abuye futhi wayelungiswa ngokwengeziwe ukuze aphile ndawonye.

Isikhathi sokuphila sikaPhineas Gage sanqanyulwa

Ngeshwa ngoPhineas Gage, isikhathi sakhe sempilo sasisancishisiwe, ngisho nangemva kokusinda engozini enjalo esabekayo. Ngo-1860, uPhineas waqala ukuba nokuquleka okwakwenza kwaba nzima ngaye ukusebenza. Ubuyele kunina nomlamu wakhe eSan Francisco ukuyophumula nokulungisa isimo sakhe, kepha ngoMeyi waba nokudlikizela okungazelelwe nokubi kakhulu.

Babiza udokotela, bamopha futhi bamphumuza, kodwa ukuxhuzula kwaqhubeka. Ekugcineni, ngesikhathi esisodwa sibi kakhulu ukubanjwa isifo sokuwa ngoMeyi 21, 1860, uPineas Gage washona. Wayeneminyaka engama-36 kuphela ubudala. UGage wabe esengcwatshwa emathuneni aseLone Mountain eSan Francisco ngumndeni wakhe. Kepha indaba ayigcinanga lapho ..

Udokotela omdala kaGage wagebhezwa ugebhezi!

UDkt. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi efunda incwadi kaGage yokungcwaba ngo-1860, kwaveza intshisekelo yakhe ecaleni, wabe esexhumana nomndeni. Kepha bekungekhona okwenduduzo noma kosizi; kwakungenxa yokuthi wayefuna ukugebha ugebhezi lukaGage.

Umlamu kaGage (isikhulu sedolobha laseSan Francisco) kanye nomndeni wakhe uqobo baletha ugebhezi nensimbi kaGage eHarlow. © Curiosm

Ngokushaqisayo, umama kaGage wavuma, unikezwe ukuthi le ndoda yayisindise impilo yendodana yakhe, kwathi ikhanda likaGage lakhishwa ngonyaka ka-1967. UHarlow wathatha ugebhezi ngokwakhe, kanye nensimbi eyabe isisetshenziswa sikaGage njalo, wayifunda isikhashana. Lapho esenelisekile, futhi eseqophe amaphepha nezifundo mayelana nalesi sehlakalo, wanikeza ugebhezi noqhwaku eHarvard University's I-Warren Anatomical Museum, lapho zisaboniswa khona kuze kube namuhla.

Icala likaPhineas Gage linikeze imibono eyigugu kusayensi yezokwelapha

Icala likaPhineas Gage linikeze okokusebenza kwezahluko ezimbili eziqinile zocwaningo kanye nempikiswano ngekhulu elizayo: ubuntu njengomkhiqizo wobuchopho obunobudlelwano bengqondo nobuchopho nemisebenzi etholakala ezindaweni ezithile zobuchopho. Ngemuva kwakho konke, uma ingozi ikwazi ukuguqula indlela umuntu enza ngayo empilweni yansuku zonke ngokulimaza ubuchopho, ubuntu bese bugcinwa ekhanda.

Abanye bathi icala likaGage lisebenze njengentuthuko yokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo kanye ne-lobotomy, kepha ngaphandle kobufakazi obuphathekayo. Kwakuyimibiko yecala likaPhineas Gage eyaphendulela ukunaka kososayensi emgodini ongaphambili njengesifunda esihlotshaniswa nezici zobuntu, ngaphezu kokuba nethuba lokusinda ngemuva kokulimala ngokuzumayo kangangokuthi, ngokusho kukadokotela, "kwachitheka ubuchopho" lapho akhwehlele.

Icala likaPhineas Gage lithola ukunakwa ikakhulukazi ngokuphela kwe-phrenology, i-pseudoscience ebifuna ukuphenya ukwakheka kogebhezi nobuchopho futhi, kusuka kule datha, ukukhombisa ukuthi umuntu angaba nekhono noma onekhono kangakanani.

I-Phrenology yayisetshenziswa kabanzi ukuxhasa ukucwasana nokucwasana kwabamhlophe, kepha ngobufakazi obandayo bokuthi yayingeyona nje into mbumbulu - okusho ukuthi, ngokuhlaziya okwalandela kwemibiko yezokwelapha kaPhineas Gage yengozi nokusinda, "i-Era localist" ye-neuroscience.

Ngaphambi kwecala likaPhineas Gage, uHerbert Spencer wayesevele ehlongoze ukuthi isifunda ngasinye sobuchopho singaba nomsebenzi okhethiwe futhi wathi "Indawo yokusebenza ngumthetho wazo zonke izinhlangano". Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobufakazi obunqunyelwe nemibiko ekhonjiwe mayelana noFineas, labo abamelene nabantu bendawo basebenzise leli cala ukukhuthaza ukuthi "uFineas ngabe ubhujiswe izindawo zokukhuluma ngaphandle kokuthi abe nokukhubazeka kolimi".

Ucwaningo lwamanje ngecala likaPhineas Gage

Njengamanje, ingozi kaPhineas yenziwe ngamakhompyutha okungenani amaqembu amabili ocwaningo. Ngo-2004, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwaveza ukuthi umonakalo wawungaba khona “ezinhlangothini” zombili zobuchopho, kodwa enguqulweni yakamuva ye-3D kuphela ohlangothini lwesobunxele oluthintekile.

Ukuhlaziywa kwakamuva kakhulu, ngo-2012, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ulahlekelwe cishe u-15% wobunzima bobuchopho bakhe, ngenduku yensimbi isusa ingxenye ye-cortex nengxenye yesakhi sangaphakathi sobuchopho. Lokhu kuvumela ushintsho ekuziphatheni nasekulahlekelweni kwememori, ngemuva kwakho konke, izifunda ezinjenge-prefrontal cortex, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yokwenza izinqumo nokuhlela, zonakalisiwe.

Izithombe zokwakhiwa kabusha kwakamuva kwecala likaPhineas Gage (2012). © Van Horn JD

Nokufundwa kobuchopho? Namuhla siyazi ukuthi, njengoba nje inkonjane eyodwa ingenzi ihlobo, yisifunda esisodwa kuphela esingenzi wonke umsebenzi sisodwa. Ubuchopho buxhunywe ngesizathu esisodwa: ukuhlanganiswa.

Isifunda ngasinye sizoba nalowo msebenzi lapho singenakubuyiselwa khona, kepha sizothola imininingwane evela kwezinye izingxenye zobuchopho futhi sizobamba iqhaza kwezinye izinqubo nemisebenzi. Isibonelo i-base nuclei - isifunda esisezansi kobuchopho esakhiwe ngamaqoqo ama-4 ama-neuron, noma amangqamuzana ezinzwa, abalulekile ekuqhumeni, kepha nasekucubunguleni ubumnandi.