Xilligii dambe ee Permian, qiyaastii 275 milyan oo sano ka hor, waxaa jiray masaafo la yiraahdo Meganeuropsis permiana, kaas oo haysta magaca ah in uu yahay xasharaadka ugu weyn ee abid la diiwaan geliyo. Duulimaadyadani waxay ku faaneen baal cajiib ah oo qiyaastii ah 30 inji ama 2.5 cagood (75 cm) waxayna miisaankoodu ka badnaayeen 1 rodol (450 g), oo u dhiganta cabbirka iyo miisaanka tuke.
In kasta oo buugaagta wax-barashada ee caanka ahi ay inta badan tixraacaan "Durgoofyada Rafaa" laga soo bilaabo waqtigii dinosaurs ka hor, bayaankan waa qayb keliya oo sax ah maaddaama xayawaannada dhabta ahi aysan weli kobcin wakhtigaas. Halkii, makhluuqa su'aashu waxay ahaayeen kuwo hore oo hore loo yaqaan "griffin duqsi" ama Meganisopterans. Nasiib darro, diiwaannada lafaha ee makhluuqaadkan aad bay u xaddidan yihiin.
Meganisopterans Waxay ka soo ifbaxday xilligii Carboniferous ee Dambe ilaa xilligii Permian dambe, oo ku dhawaad 317 ilaa 247 milyan oo sano ka hor. Daahfurkii ugu horeeyay ee meganeura Fossils ayaa ka dhacay Faransiiska 1880-kii, iyo 1885-kii, khabiirka Paleontologist ee Faransiiska Charles Brongniart ayaa sharraxay oo magacaabay muunadaha. Ka dib, 1979kii, muunado kale oo cajiib ah ayaa laga helay Bolsover, Derbyshire.
Meganisoptera, qoys dabar go'ay oo cayayaan ah, waxa ay ka koobnaayeen xayawaano waaweyn oo ugaadhsaday kuwaas oo si toos ah ugu ekaa duqsiyada maanta iyo dam-iska-caaga ee loo yaqaanno. odonatans. Waxaa ka mid ah cayayaankaas qadiimiga ah, Meganeurosis u istaagay sidii wakiilka ugu weyn.
Dood ayaa ka dhalatay awoodda xasharaadka Carboniferous ay ku gaari karaan cabbirrada gargantuan. Heerarka ogsijiinta iyo cufnaanta atmospheric ayaa door muhiim ah ciyaaray.
Habka faafinta oksijiinta ee habka neefsashada tracheal ee cayayaanka si dabiici ah u xaddidaya cabbirkooda; si kastaba ha ahaatee, cayayaanka taariikhda hore u muuqataa in ay dhaafeen caqabadan. Markii hore, waxaa la soo jeediyay in meganeura Duli kara kaliya sababtoo ah kaydka ogsajiinta sare ee jawiga wakhtigaas, taas oo dhaaftay 20%.
Intaa waxaa dheer, maqnaanshaha ugaadhsiga ee cirka ayaa la soo jeediyay inay tahay arrin gacan ka geysata baaxadda weyn ee meganeurids marka loo eego qaraabadooda casriga ah. Bechly waxay soo jeedisay in la'aanta ugaadhsiga laf-dhabarka hawada ay u oggolaatay cayayaanka pterygote inay u koraan cabbirkooda ugu sarreeya inta lagu jiro xilliyada Carboniferous iyo Permian (Muddada Carboniferous, dhexda shanaad ee Paleozoic Era, laga soo bilaabo dhammaadka Devonian Period 358.9 milyan sano ka hor, 298.9mi sano ka hor XNUMX milyan).
"Tartanka hubka" kobcinta ee cabbirka jirka oo kordhay waxaa laga yaabaa in uu dardargeliyay tartanka u dhexeeya quudinta dhirta Palaeodictyoptera iyo Meganisoptera, oo u dhaqmaya sidii ugaarsigooda.
Ugu dambayntii, aragti kale ayaa tilmaamaysa in cayayaanka soo maray marxaladaha dirxiga biyaha ka hor intaysan u wareegin dadka waaweyn ee dhulka ay koreen sidii habka difaaca ee heerarka sare ee ogsijiinta ee ku badan biyaha.
Meganeuropsis permiana waxa uu noqday dabar go'ay dhamaadkii xilligii Permian, qiyaastii 252 milyan oo sano ka hor. Dabar goynta Meganeuropsis permiana iyo cayayaanka kale ee waaweyn ayaa loo malaynayaa inay sababeen arrimo is biirsaday, oo ay ka mid yihiin hoos u dhaca heerarka ogsijiinta, isbeddelka cimilada, iyo imaanshaha shimbiraha ugu horreeya.
