Phineas Gage - Munthu Amene Anakhala Ubongo Wake Utapachikidwa Ndi Ndodo Yachitsulo!

Kodi mudamvapo za Phineas Gage? Nkhani yochititsa chidwi, pafupifupi zaka 200 zapitazo, mwamunayo adakumana ndi ngozi kuntchito yomwe idasintha njira zamanjenje.

Phineas Gage adakhala ndi ngozi yadzidzidzi atasiya ubongo wake uvulala kwambiri. M'mbiri yonseyo palibe amene adapulumuka kuvulala koopsa kotere, kuwasiya ali ndi mavuto ochepa athanzi koma amkhalidwe wosiyana kotheratu. Mwamunayo, yemwe adapachikidwa ndi ndodo yachitsulo, sanangokhala pangozi yoopsa, koma adakhala ndi moyo wokangalika, pomwe amayenda, amalankhula, ngakhale kugwira ntchito popanda vuto - komabe, adasinthidwa kwambiri.

Nkhani yowopsa ya Phineas Gage

Kubwerera kumayambiriro ndi m'ma 1800, ntchito yanjanji inali imodzi mwantchito zowopsa zomwe munthu angakhale nazo. Kusintha kwa mafakitale kunali kutayamba, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti makina atsopano, opangitsa kuti ntchito zanjanji ziziyenda mwachangu, zimayendetsedwa ndikusinthidwa pafupipafupi. Tsoka ilo, zambiri mwazinthu zatsopanozi ndi maluso atha kukhala owopsa, ndipo panali zochepa pamachitidwe achitetezo. Munthawi imeneyi, anthu masauzande ambiri ogwira ntchito njanji amafa chaka chilichonse, ndipo masauzande ambiri adavulala pantchito. Apa, ndipamene Phineas Gage adapeza ndalama. Anali woyang'anira njanji mu 1848 ndipo anali wolemekezedwa pantchito yake. Ankagwira ntchito pafupipafupi ndi zophulitsa makina amanjanji ndikuphulitsa, ndipo olemba anzawo ntchito amawawona ngati wabizinesi wabwino, wanzeru, komanso wolimbikira ntchito. Zonsezi sizinayimitse zinthu kuti zisachitike molakwika mu Seputembala. © National Library ya Ireland / Flickr

Phineas Gage anali waku America wazaka 25 zakubadwa, mpaka, mu Seputembara 1848, kuphulika kwangozi pomwe akumanga njanji kumayika chitsulo chazitali zitatu m'chigoba chake modabwitsa. Koma sanafe!

Kodi nchiyani chomwe chidachitika tsiku losangalatsalo?

Ntchito inali kuyenda bwino masana amenewo, ndipo makina ndi zophulika zonse zinali kugwira ntchito monga mwa pulani. Phineas ndi anyamata ake anali kuphulika, komwe kunkabowoleza phompho pakatambasula thanthwe, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ndikuzimitsa, kenako ndikugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosunthira (chomwe chikuwoneka ngati mkondo waukulu wachitsulo) kuti chinyamule kwambiri.

Monga nthawi zina zimachitika, Gage adasokonezedwa ndikumulondolera pochita izi. Anadziika m'mbali mwa kuphulika, kutsogolo kwa chitsulo chosunthira, chomwe chinali chisanadzaze dothi kuti chitha kuyatsa. Iye anali akuyang'ana pa phewa lake kuti ayankhule ndi amuna ena, ndipo anali atangotsegula pakamwa pake kuti anene chinachake, pamene chitsulo chinayambitsa mphamvu pamwala. Kuthetheka uku kunayatsa ufa ndipo panali kuphulika kwakukulu. Gage anali kungokhala wosasamala pamalo olakwika panthawi yolakwika.

Ndikoyenera kunena kuti chitsulo chosunthira chinali ngati nthungo, chifukwa ndi momwe zimakhalira. Mphamvu ya kuphulika kuseri kwa chimangacho idachichotsa mwamphamvu, ndipo idalunjika ku Gage. Chingwe cha mapaundi 13 chinalowa mbali yakumanzere ya nkhope yake, kupyola patsaya la tsaya lake ndikutsegula pakamwa (chifukwa anali atatsala pang'ono kuyankhula) ndikukwera m'mutu mwake. Icho chinadutsa mu fupa, ubongo, ndiyeno nkutulukira mbali inayo. Koma sizinayime pamenepo. Mapazi ake onse atatu, mainchesi asanu ndi awiri a ndodoyo adadutsa pamutu pake, kenako nkudutsa mbali inayo, ndipo adafikira pamtunda wa 80 mapazi, atapakidwa magazi ndi ubongo. Gage nthawi yomweyo adagwa pansi, akugwedezeka.

Kuchira kovuta: Mafangayi adayamba kuphukira m'mutu mwake

Phineas adakumana ndi zovuta atachira atachitidwa opaleshoni ndipo adatsala pang'ono kumwalira ndi abscess (matenda pachilondacho, omwe malinga ndi zolembedwazo adafika 250ml wa mafinya, madzi omwe amachokera ku kagayidwe kabakiteriya, zidutswa zama cell ndi magazi). Patatha pafupifupi miyezi itatu akuchipatala, Phineas adabwerera kunyumba kwa makolo ake ndikuyamba kubwerera kuntchito zake zatsiku ndi tsiku, akumapilira theka la ntchito.

Chithunzi chobalira cha ngozi ndi chithunzi cha chigaza: Poyamba, sipanakhale zovuta zoyipa zambiri pangoziyo, koma chinthu chimodzi chomwe chidachitika m'masiku ake 12 akuchepa chinali vuto ndi theka la nkhope yake. Kumbuyo kwa diso lakumanzere, pomwe kukwerako kudadutsa, matenda adayamba kukula. Diso linayamba kutuluka, ndipo maubongo aubongo omwe ali ndi kachilombo komanso mafinya amatuluka mchikopacho. Phineas anasiya kuwona kuchokera m'diso limenelo, ndipo adayamba ptosis, kapena kugwa kwa chikope. Ptosis iyi sichikanatha moyo wake wonse. Zilonda za kuvulala koyambirira zidatsalirabe. M'malo mwake, minofu yambiri kumanzere kwa nkhope yake sinapezenso bwino, zomwe zimamupangitsa kuyenda pang'ono mbali imeneyo. — Chithunzi chobalira cha ngozi ndi chithunzi cha chigaza: Poyamba, sipanakhale zovuta zoyipa zambiri pangoziyo, koma chinthu chimodzi chomwe chidachitika m'masiku ake 12 akuchepa chinali vuto ndi theka la nkhope yake. Kumbuyo kwa diso lakumanzere, pomwe kukwerako kudadutsa, matenda adayamba kukula. Diso linayamba kutuluka, ndipo maubongo aubongo omwe ali ndi kachilombo komanso mafinya amatuluka mchikopacho. Phineas anasiya kuwona kuchokera m'diso limenelo, ndipo chidayamba kukhala ptosis, kapena kugwa kwa chikope. Ptosis iyi sichikanatha moyo wake wonse. Zilonda za kuvulala koyambirira zidatsalirabe. M'malo mwake, minofu yambiri kumanzere kwa nkhope yake sinapezenso bwino, zomwe zimamupangitsa kuyenda pang'ono mbali imeneyo.

Khalidwe la Gage lidasinthidwa kwambiri

Komabe, amayi a Gage posakhalitsa adazindikira kuti gawo lina lokumbukira kwake likuwoneka kuti lasokonekera, ngakhale malinga ndi malipoti a adotolo, kukumbukira kwa Gage, luso la kuphunzira komanso mphamvu zamagalimoto sizinasinthe. Pakapita nthawi, machitidwe a Gage sanalinso ofanana ndi ngoziyo isanachitike. Gage akuwoneka kuti wataya mwayi wocheza nawo, ndipo adakhala wankhanza, wophulika komanso wonyoza. Mnyamata yemwe kale anali wokoma mtima adakhala wopanda nkhawa komanso wamwano ndipo adasiya zolinga zake mtsogolo, popeza sanapange banja.

Gage adakhala malo owonetsera zakale

Wopunduka koma wowoneka bwino ". [T] Zindikirani ptosis wa diso lakumanzere ndi chipsera pamphumi. — Wopunduka koma wokongola. Onani ptosis ya diso lakumanzere ndi chipsera pamphumi.

Phineas sanathe kubwereranso kuntchito, ndipo kwa zaka zambiri idakhala ngati nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, nanga zingatheke bwanji kuti munthu akhale ndi ubongo wopachikidwa ndi bar ndikulimba mtima kuti apulumuke? Palibe kuwonongeka kwina? Imeneyi inali mlandu wodziwika bwino kwakuti kwa zaka ziwiri azachipatala adakana kukhulupirira! Mlanduwo utachitika mkati, dokotala yemwe adatsagana ndi Phineas, a John Harlow, adayenera kutsimikizira zowona pamaso pa maloya. A John ndi a Phineas adapitanso ku Boston popita ku sukulu ya udokotala kukakambirana za nkhaniyi.

Ngakhale analibe banja, Phineas anali munthu wodziyimira pawokha komanso wakhama, atapita kukagwira ntchito yophunzitsa ku Chile. Malipoti akusonyeza kuti kudzera muntchito luso lake locheza lidabwereranso ndipo adakonzedwa kwambiri kuti azikhala limodzi.

Nthawi ya Phineas Gage idafupikitsidwa

Tsoka ilo kwa Phineas Gage, moyo wake udafupikitsidwa, ngakhale atapulumuka ngozi yowopsa ngati imeneyi. Mu 1860, Phineas adayamba kudwala khunyu zomwe zidamupangitsa kuti azivutika kugwira ntchito. Anabwerera kwa amayi ake ndi mlamu wake ku San Francisco kuti akapumule ndikukonzanso, koma mu Meyi adadzidzimuka mwadzidzidzi komanso mwamphamvu.

Adamuyimbira dotolo, namukhetsa magazi, nkumupumitsa, koma kukomako kunapitilizabe. Pomaliza, panthawi yoyipa kwambiri khunyu pa May 21, 1860, Phineas Gage anamwalira. Anali ndi zaka 36 zokha. Kenako Gage anaikidwa m'manda ku Lone Mountain Cemetery ndi banja lake. Koma nkhani sinayime pamenepo ..

Dokotala wakale wa Gage anakumba chigaza chake!

Dr.Harlow anali asanawone kapena kumva kuchokera kwa Phineas Gage kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo anali atataya chiyembekezo chodzakumana ndi wodwala wakale wakale. Komabe, atawerenga zomwe Gage adachita mu 1860, zidamupatsanso chidwi pamlanduwo, ndipo adalumikizana ndi banja. Koma sizinali za chisoni kapena zowawa; chinali chifukwa chakuti amafuna kukumba chigaza cha Gage.

Mlamu wake wa Gage (wogwira ntchito mumzinda wa San Francisco) ndi banja lake adapereka chigaza ndi chitsulo cha Gage ku Harlow. © Chidwi

Chododometsa, amayi a Gage adavomera, atapatsidwa kuti mwamunayo adapulumutsa moyo wa mwana wawo, ndipo mutu wa Gage udatulutsidwa mu 1967. Harlow adatenga chigaza chake, komanso chitsulo chomwe chidakhala chothandizira Gage nthawi zonse, ndikuchiphunzira kwakanthawi. Atakhutira, ndipo adalemba zolemba ndi maphunziro okhudza zochitikazo, adapereka chigaza ndi kukwera ku University of Harvard Warren Anatomical Museum, komwe akuwonetsedwa mpaka lero.

Nkhani ya Phineas Gage idapereka malingaliro amtengo wapatali kwa asayansi azachipatala

Nkhani ya a Phineas Gage idapereka mitu iwiri yamphamvu yakufufuza ndi kutsutsana m'zaka zana zikubwerazi: umunthu wopangidwa ndiubongo wokhala ndi maubwenzi am'maganizo ndi magwiridwe antchito omwe amapezeka m'malo ena aubongo. Kupatula apo, ngati ngozi itha kusintha momwe munthu amachitira tsiku ndi tsiku mwa kuwononga ubongo, umunthuwo umasungidwa m'mutu.

Ena amati mlandu wa Gage udali ngati njira yothandiza pakukula kwa psychosurgery komanso lobotomy, komabe popanda umboni weniweni. Zinali nkhani za a Phineas Gage zomwe zidapangitsa asayansi chidwi chakutsogolo ngati dera lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi mikhalidwe, kuphatikiza kuthekera kopulumuka pambuyo povulala mwadzidzidzi kwakuti, malinga ndi adotolo, "adakhetsa ubongo" pomwe adatsokomola.

Nkhani ya Phineas Gage imasangalatsidwa makamaka ndi kutha kwa maphunziro aumunthu, pseudoscience yomwe idayesa kufufuza mawonekedwe a chigaza ndi ubongo ndipo, kuchokera kuzambirizi, kunena kuti munthu akhoza kukhala wanzeru kapena waluso.

Phrenology idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuthandizira kusankhana mitundu komanso malingaliro azungu, koma ndi umboni wochulukirapo wosonyeza kuti sizopanda pake - ndiye kuti, ndikuwunikanso kwa malipoti a zachipatala a Phineas Gage a ngozi ndi kupulumuka, "Era localist" wa neuroscience.

Pamlandu wa Phineas Gage, Herbert Spencer anali atafotokoza kale kuti dera lililonse laubongo limatha kugwira ntchito yake ndipo anati "Malo ogwirira ntchito ndi lamulo la bungwe lililonse". Komabe, chifukwa cha umboni wocheperako komanso malipoti okhwima okhudza Phineas, omwe amatsutsana ndi anthu am'deralo adagwiritsanso ntchito mwayiwu kuti apititse patsogolo kuti "Phineas akadawonongera malo olankhulirako osakhala ndi vuto lolankhula kapena kulankhula".

Kafukufuku wapano pamlandu wa Phineas Gage

Pakadali pano, ngozi ya Phineas yakhala ikuyerekeza pamakompyuta ndi magulu osachepera awiri ofufuza. Mu 2004, kumanganso kunanenanso kuti kuwonongeka kukadakhala "mbali" zonse ziwiri zaubongo, koma mu 3D yaposachedwa kwambiri mbali yakumanzere ndi yomwe idakhudzidwa.

Kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri, mu 2012, akuti adataya pafupifupi 15% yamaubongo ake, ndi ndodo yachitsulo yomwe idachotsa gawo la kotekisi komanso gawo lina lamkati mwaubongo. Izi zimalungamitsa kusintha kwamakhalidwe ndi kukumbukira kukumbukira, pambuyo pake, zigawo monga preortal cortex, yomwe ndi gawo lofunikira popanga zisankho ndikukonzekera, idawonongeka.

Zithunzi zakumangidwanso kwaposachedwa kwa mulandu wa Phineas Gage (2012). © Van Horn JD

Ndi kuphunzira kwa ubongo? Lero tikudziwa kuti, momwe namzeze mmodzi samapanga chilimwe, dera limodzi lokha siligwira ntchito yake yokha. Ubongo umalumikizidwa pachifukwa chimodzi: kuphatikiza.

Dera lirilonse lidzakhala ndi zochitika zomwe sizingasinthe, koma lilandila zambiri kuchokera kumadera ena aubongo ndipo lidzatenganso nawo mbali pazinthu zina. Chitsanzo ndi maziko a nuclei - dera lomwe lili kumapeto kwaubongo lomwe limapangidwa ndi magulu anayi a ma neuron, kapena ma cell a mitsempha, omwe ndi ofunikira kukomoka, komanso pokonza zosangalatsa.