Zodzikongoletsera zakhala chizindikiro cha mphamvu ndi udindo kuyambira nthawi zakale. Zakhala ngati ndalama ndi mtundu wa malonda, komanso zokongoletsera zokongoletsera. zibangili zasiliva za Mfumukazi Hetepheres ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha momwe zodzikongoletsera zimatha kupereka chidziwitso pazamalonda komanso momwe chuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu akale amakhalira.
Igupto ilibe magwero a siliva wapanyumba ndipo siliva sapezeka kawirikawiri m'mabwinja a ku Egypt mpaka Middle Bronze Age. zibangili zopezeka m'manda a Mfumukazi Hetepheres Woyamba - amayi a Mfumu Khufu, omanga Piramidi Yaikulu ku Giza (tsiku la ulamuliro wa 2589-2566 BC) - amapanga mndandanda waukulu kwambiri komanso wotchuka kwambiri wa zinthu zakale zasiliva zochokera ku Egypt.
Pakafukufuku watsopano, asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Macquarie ndi kwina adasanthula zitsanzo kuchokera ku zibangili za mfumukazi ya Hetepheres pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zamakono kuti amvetsetse chikhalidwe ndi zitsulo zazitsulo zachitsulo ndikuzindikira gwero lachitsulo. Zotsatira zawo zimasonyeza kuti silivayo mwachionekere anaipeza ku ma Cyclades (Seriphos, Anafi, kapena Kea-Kithnos) kapena mwina migodi ya Lavrion ku Attica. Imapatula Anatolia ngati gwero ndi kutsimikizika koyenera.
Kupeza kwatsopano kumeneku kukuwonetsa, kwa nthawi yoyamba, kuchuluka kwa malo ogulira zinthu zomwe dziko la Egypt linkagwiritsidwa ntchito muulamuliro wakale wa Old Kingdom pachimake cha zaka zomanga Piramidi.
Zinthu zakale za siliva zidayamba kuoneka ku Egypt m'zaka za m'ma 4 BC koma komwe zidachokera, komanso m'zaka za chikwi cha 3, sizikudziwika. Zolemba zamakedzana za ku Aigupto sizimatchula magwero aliwonse akumaloko, koma malingaliro akale, opangidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa golidi mu zinthu zasiliva, kuphatikizapo siliva wochuluka wa golidi wa ku Aigupto ndi electrum, amakhulupirira kuti siliva anachokera kuzinthu zakumaloko.
Malingaliro ena ndi akuti siliva idatumizidwa ku Egypt, mwina kudzera ku Byblos pagombe la Lebanon, chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri zasiliva zomwe zimapezeka m'manda a Byblos kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka chikwi chachinayi.
Manda a Mfumukazi Hetepheres I adapezeka ku Giza mu 1925 ndi Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts joint expedition. Hetepheres anali mmodzi mwa mfumukazi zofunika kwambiri za Aigupto: mkazi wa 4th Dynasty mfumu Sneferu ndi amayi a Khufu, omanga akuluakulu a Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2180 BC). Manda ake osasinthika ndi olemera kwambiri omwe amadziwika kuyambira nthawiyo, ali ndi chuma chambiri kuphatikiza mipando yokongoletsedwa, zotengera zagolide ndi zodzikongoletsera.
Zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zomwe sizipezeka ku Igupto, zibangili zake zinapezedwa zitazunguliridwa ndi mabwinja a bokosi lamatabwa lokutidwa ndi golide, lolembedwa molembedwa kuti 'Bokosi lokhala ndi mphete.' Mphete makumi awiri kapena zibangili zidalumikizidwa poyambirira, seti imodzi ya khumi pa nthambi iliyonse, yomwe idayikidwa mkati mwa bokosilo.
Chitsulo chopyapyalacho chinapanga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito utoto wa turquoise, lapis lazuli ndi carnelian inlay, cholemba zibangili monga momwe amapangira ku Egypt osati kwina. Mphete iliyonse imakhala yocheperako, yopangidwa kuchokera ku chitsulo chopyapyala chomwe chimapangidwa mozungulira pakati, ndikupanga dzenje pansi.
Kupsyinjika komwe kumawonekera kunja kunalandira zoyikapo miyala zomwe zimapanga mawonekedwe a agulugufe. Tizilombo zosachepera zinayi zimawonetsedwa pachibangili chilichonse, chogwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito tinthu tating'ono ta turquoise, carnelian ndi lapis lazuli, ndi gulugufe aliyense wolekanitsidwa ndi chidutswa chozungulira cha carnelian. M'malo angapo, zidutswa za lapis zenizeni zalowa m'malo ndi pulasitala wopaka utoto.
Dr. Karin Sowada, katswiri wofukula za m’mabwinja wa pa yunivesite ya Macquarie anati: “Magwero a siliva amene ankagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zakale m’zaka za m’ma XNUMX sikudziwikabe mpaka pano. "Kupeza kwatsopano kukuwonetsa, kwa nthawi yoyamba, kuchuluka kwa malonda omwe boma la Egypt limagwiritsa ntchito panthawi ya Old Kingdom pachimake cha zaka zomanga Piramidi."
Dr. Sowada ndi anzawo adapeza kuti zibangili za Mfumukazi Hetepheres zimakhala ndi siliva wokhala ndi mkuwa, golide, lead ndi zinthu zina. Mcherewo ndi siliva, siliva chloride komanso mwina mkuwa wa chloride. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, chiwerengero cha isotopu chotsogolera chimagwirizana ndi ores ochokera ku Cyclades (zilumba za Aegean, Greece), komanso pang'ono kuchokera ku Lavrion (Attica, Greece), ndipo osagawanika kuchokera ku golidi kapena electrum monga momwe amaganizira kale.
Silivayo ayenera kuti ankapezeka padoko la Byblos pamphepete mwa nyanja ku Lebanoni ndipo ndi umboni wakale kwambiri wa ntchito yosinthira zinthu mtunda wautali pakati pa Egypt ndi Greece. Kusanthulaku kunawonetsanso njira zasiliva zoyambirira za ku Egypt zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yoyamba.
"Zitsanzo zinasanthulidwa kuchokera ku Museum of Fine Arts ku Boston, ndipo zithunzi zowunikira ma electron maikulosikopu zikuwonetsa kuti zibangilizo zidapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosanjikiza chozizira ndikumangirira pafupipafupi kuti zisawonongeke," adatero Pulofesa Damian Gore, wofukula m'mabwinja. Macquarie University. "Zibangilizi ziyeneranso kuti zidaphatikizidwa ndi golidi kuti ziwoneke bwino komanso kuti zipangike popanga."
“Kusoŵa kwa zinthu zimenezi n’kuŵirikiza katatu: malo oikidwa m’manda achifumu otsalira kuyambira nthaŵi imeneyi n’ngosoŵa; ndi siliva wochepa chabe umene unapulumuka m’mbiri yofukulidwa m’mabwinja mpaka m’Nyengo Yapakati Yamkuwa (c. 1900 BC); ndipo Egypt ilibe ma depositi ochuluka a siliva,” adatero Dr. Sowada.
Kafukufukuyu adasindikizidwa koyamba mu Journal of Archaeological Science: Malipoti. Juni 2023.
